Sara Shokrpoor; Behzad Pourreza; Mina Khodadadi; Masoumeh Moradi-Ozarlou; Reza Khoshvaghti; Bita Fazel
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm in which the neoplastic cells produce chondroid and varying amounts of matrix. This tumor is the second most common primary skeletal tumor in animal. In this case, radiological and histopathological findings supported a final diagnosis of chondrosarcoma ...
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Chondrosarcoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm in which the neoplastic cells produce chondroid and varying amounts of matrix. This tumor is the second most common primary skeletal tumor in animal. In this case, radiological and histopathological findings supported a final diagnosis of chondrosarcoma in a cat. A six-year-old male cat weighing 6.3 kg with a large and solitary mass in the right humerus was referred. The shoulder joint had a limited range of motion. Radiographs were obtained from the raised growth. The mass was surgically excised for histopathological evaluation. Microscopically, the mass was composed of bundles and nests of neoplastic mesenchymal cells. Histopathologically, multiple sized of lacunae within a homogenous cartilage matrix were observed. There was marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Neoplastic chondrocytes and pleomorphic to oval cells with 1 to 3 nucleoli were seen. Based on the macroscopical, radiological and the cartilaginous differentiation of tumor cells and matrix, the mass was diagnosed well differentiated chondrosarcoma.
Mohammad Shojaei; Alireza Yousefi; Morteza Zendehdel; Mina Khodadadi
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neurotransmitters (NTS) are endogenous chemicals secreted from neural terminals into the synaptic cleft of the chemical neurons in order to affect their receptors. NTS play vital physiological role as stimulatory, inhibitory or modulatory compounds. OBJECTIVES: This review was aimed to summarize ...
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BACKGROUND: Neurotransmitters (NTS) are endogenous chemicals secreted from neural terminals into the synaptic cleft of the chemical neurons in order to affect their receptors. NTS play vital physiological role as stimulatory, inhibitory or modulatory compounds. OBJECTIVES: This review was aimed to summarize the roles of the most important NTS which regulate food intake in the avian species. RESULTS: Over 40 neurotransmitters are known as regulatory agents that control ingestion behavior in mammals and birds. Acetylcholine (Ach), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NEP), histamine, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), glycine, serotonin and glutamate have been identified as the mediatory agents about regulation of feeding behavior in birds. Based on the molecular weight and the type of efficacy, NTS have been categorized into the two main groups including “the small molecular weight fast-effective NTS and the large molecular wieght slow-effective neuropeptides. Various physiological functions have been presented for NTS and it seems many other unknown effects and even possible interactions among them are still questionable. Appetite control, mediatory role of ingestion behavior and regulation of food intake have recently been highlighted among various roles of NTS in chicken. CONCLUSIONS: Food intake regulation is a complex physiologic process that is under the control of the central and environmental signals. Considering of the involvement of feeding behavior in other major physiological processes such as the growth, immunity and production, it is necessary to realize the role of different mediators which are affecting and modulating food intake in avian species.