University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Animal Tendon Injuries: A Review on Their Isolation and Application
259
274
EN
Fahimeh
Fahimi Trouski
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
fahime.fahimitruski@mail.um.ac.ir
Abbas
Parham
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
parham@um.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2021.322050.1005168
<br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">Tendon injuries are a major part of musculoskeletal injuries in animals, particularly in horses. So far, no complete cure has been found for this disease, and most treatments focus on pain control. The advantages of using exosomes over cell-based therapies and the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on tissue repair suggest exosomes derived from MSCs as an appropriate treatment option in repairing tendon injuries. This paper aimed to review various protocols for exosome isolation and the role of MSCs- derived exosomes on tendon tissue repair of animals, especially in horses. In the treatment of tendon disorders, exosomes are more stable than cells, have a lower risk of immune rejection after allogeneic administration, and can be used as an appropriate alternative therapy. Exosomes derived from MSCs of different sources stimulate the proliferation and migration of tenocytes and fibroblasts, mod-ulate collagen fiber arrangement, macrophage functions, and inflammatory responses, inhibit adhesion, and generally repair damaged tendons. Exosomes are involved in cell-cell communication due to the exchange of pro-teins and genetic materials. The use of MSCs-derived exosomes is considered a treatment option due to easier maintenance and reduction of the risk of rejection by the immune system, reducing the possibility of aneuploidy compared to cell-based methods </span>
equine,Extracellular vesicles,techniques,Tissue healing,Treatment strategies
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82854.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82854_770fc86d3ff0d94969420494465ea62e.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Effects of Hatching and Feeding Times and Hatchery Temperature on Body and Organs’ Weight of Post-hatched Chicks
275
285
EN
Mohammad
Hasanzadeh
0000-0003-2288-417X
Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran
mhzadeh@ut.ac.ir
Eddy
Decuypere
Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
10.22059/ijvm.2021.322869.1005170
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In commercial hatcheries, chicks are deprived of feed and water for up to 72 h, which is a det-rimental effect on growth performance. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of hatching parameters and feeding time on the body and organ weights of chickens. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In the first experiment, 300 of both early- and later-hatched broiler chicks received feed immedi-ately after hatching or 48 h later and were divided into four experimental groups. The body and internal organ weights of chicks were determined for up to seven days. In the second study, 370 embryos, which were incubated in a setter until the 18th day, were transferred to two hatchers, which differed their air and eggshell temperatures. Then, hatching and post-hatched parameters were followed. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Comparing early-hatched chicks, later-hatched chicks had significantly greater weight (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05) on day 3 and better yolk utilization and higher relative liver and intestine (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.01) weights on day 2. However, early-fed chicks indicated significantly higher body weight (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.0001) until day 7 and early yolk utilization and higher internal organ weights than later-fed chicks. In the second experiment, when the air temperature of hatcher A (control) was kept at 37.5ºC, its eggshell temperature was determined at 38.5ºC, while the eggshell temperature of hatcher B was optimized at 37.5ºC, and its air temperature showed 36.5ºC. Earlier hatchability was higher in the control hatcher (46.8%) than hatcher B (27.1%), but later hatchability was reversed. However, final hatchability was lower in hatcher B (96.6%) than the control hatcher (98.3%). </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Later-hatched and early-fed chicks showed greater body and internal organ weights, indicating better maturation of these chicks. The results of the second study indicated that the hatching window could be shorter and also shifted to the end of the incubation time by reducing the egg temperature. </span>
Chicks,Eggshell,feed,Hatch,temperature
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82855.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82855_8b484b54c3d5bab0076b636966700470.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Comparative Investigation of Clinical Findings and Epidemiologic Indices of Lumpy Skin Disease Between Native and Holstein Cattle Breeds
287
294
EN
Hamed
Isapour
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
hamed_isapoor@yahoo.com
Mehdi
Sakha
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
sakha.m@srbiau.ac.ir
Hamid Reza
Varshovi
Department of Animal Viral Vaccines, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
hr_varshovi@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijvm.2021.304080.1005097
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a DNA virus from the genus capripoxvirus. Though the morbidity rate of this virus is different among species, it involves all ages. This disease was limited to sub-Saharan Africa though it gradually spread to other African countries and the Middle East. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical and epidemiologic indices of the virus in two groups of native and Holstein cattle. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In this research, 1652 native cattle (group 1) and 1798 Holstein cattle (group 2), which were kept in 32 </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: B Nazanin,B Nazanin; font-size: small;">-</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">unvaccinated epidemiologic units, were studied during the field investigation about the disease in Zanjan prov-ince, at first outbreak of LSD. All major symptoms, lesions, morbidity and mortality rates observed were recorded in pre-designed forms. None of the infected cattle in this study were vaccinated. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">One hundred percent of the cattle in both groups had skin nodules. The number of nodules in group 1 was significantly fewer than that in group 2 (</span><em><span lang="JA" style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P≤</span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">0.05). Moreover, edema in the legs was observed in 5.88% of group 1 and 37.14% of group 2. Moreover, 11.76% of group 1 and 45.71% of group 2 suffered from pneumonia and respiratory distress. The morbidity rate was 1.03% in group 1 and 1.98% in group 2, showing a significant difference (</span><em><span lang="JA" style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P≤</span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">0.05); while there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mortality rate. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The results of this study showed that native cows are more resistant to LSDV than Holstein cows. </span>
clinical findings,Epidemiologic indices,Lumpy skin disease
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82840.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82840_db3f955133a9317f4b8402fa036dac41.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Morphological and Molecular Investigation of Anaplasma Infection in Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Bushehr Province, Iran
295
300
EN
Zahra
Moradi
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
moradi2010@ut.ac.ir
Elahe
Ebrahimzadeh
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
eebrahimzade@um.ac.ir
Parviz
Shayan
0000-0002-4666-3235
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran- Iran
pshayan@ut.ac.ir
Feisal
Zarghami
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran- Ira
zarghami@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijvm.2020.306095.1005109
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Anaplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular, gram-negative microorganism, which be-longs to the family Anaplasmatacea and can be transmitted by ticks and other arthropods. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The present study aimed to investigate the status of </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Anaplasma </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">spp. infection by microscopy and molecular methods in dromedary camels in Bushehr province, Iran. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A total of 139 blood samples were collected from dromedary camels in Bushehr province. Giemsa staining and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted to detect </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Anaplasma </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">infection in the drome-dary camels. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">We found that 27 (19.4%) out of the total 139 blood samples were suspected for the presence of </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Ana-plasma </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">spp. by morphological study. The PCR and nested-PCR sequencing results showed 111 (80%) and 134 (96%) samples positive for </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Anaplasma </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">spp. and BLAST search in NCBI GenBank presented 100% identity with </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Candidatus Anaplasma camelii</span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The molecular results presented the high frequency of </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Candidatus Anaplasma camelii </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">in camels, in Bushehr city. </span>
Anaplasma,Candidatus Anaplasma camelii,Dromedary camel,Molecular study,Nested-PCR
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82842.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82842_72b739e00e8438ff61471cc6dc20f56d.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Laparoscopic Versus Conventional Y-U Pyloroplasty in Dogs: A Comparative Study of Pain, Stress, and Duration
301
310
EN
Iman
Asheghian Amiri
Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
iman.asheghian@yahoo.com
Mirsepehr
Pedram
0000-0002-4740-6994
Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
mpedram@ut.ac.ir
Azin
Tavakoli
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
azin.tavakoli@gmail.com
Alireza
Vajhi
0000-0002-8048-7124
Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
avajhi@ut.ac.ir
Jalal
Rezaii
Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
rezaijal@gmail.com
Atie
kheirolahi
Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
atie.kheirolahi@gmail.com
Hosein
Ashegh
Endoscopic Surgery Training Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ashegh@sina.tums.ac.ir
Mohammadreza
Mokhber Dezfouli
Department of Internal medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran
mokhberd@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2021.304157.1005098
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Background: Y-U pyloroplasty is a surgical approach that is used to relieve pyloric stenosis. The study of different aspects of laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty instead of conventional approaches seems to be an appropriate alternative for the development of such surgeries in animals, as pyloric stenosis is an uncommon but important disease. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The present study aimed to describe the laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty in small animals as a new surgical technique, and to compare the duration of surgery, level of surgical stress, and postoperative pain of this method with the conventional Y-U pyloroplasty. It is important to note that this is the first time that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty was performed in dogs. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A total of eight intact male and female mixed breed dogs were randomly divided into two groups of conventional (n=4) and laparoscopic (n=4) pyloroplasty. Operation time, blood glucose concentration, plasma cor-tisol levels, gastric emptying time, pyloric lumen, and diameter and width of pyloric ring, as well as the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) were measured in both groups during pre and postoperative intervals. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">As a result, the mean operation time for conventional group was significantly lower than that for lapa-roscopic group (38.75±3.15 min vs. 116.25±14.34 min, </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05). Blood glucose concentrations in both groups elevated rapidly until 3 hours after surgery and then decreased until 24 hours. Plasma cortisol level in laparoscopic group, however, elevated rapidly until 5 hours after surgery. On the other hand, pyloric diameter and width of pyloric ring significantly increased in both groups. The UMPS in dogs undergoing conventional Y-U pyloroplasty was significantly higher than that in those undergoing laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.001). Furthermore, pain and gastric emptying time decreased in all dogs. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This study suggests that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty is an applicable minimal invasive sur-gery that is performed through small incisions for the treatment of pyloric stenosis in dogs. </span>
Cortisol,Dog,surgery,laparoscopy,Y-U pyloroplasty
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82841.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82841_271cf12b5565d2f8b5bccd782f275aa5.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Biochemical Modulatory and Protective Effects of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Scrophularia striata on the Hepatotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in the Rat Model
311
324
EN
Masoud
Shamohamadi
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
masoud19sh72@gmail.com
Mehrdad
Pooyanmehr
0000-0002-9991-9273
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
m.pooyanmehr@razi.ac.ir
Ali
Maleki
Department of Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
maleki.hem@gmail.com
Lida
Haghnazari
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
li_haghnazari@kums.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2021.308066.1005119
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various products. On the other hand, they can cause a variety of toxicity in living organisms, such as biochemical changes and oxidative stress in the liver. </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Scroph-ularia striata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">plant can affect the toxicity of AgNPs in diverse parts of the body due to the potent antioxidant compounds. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The present study aimed to investigate the modulatory impact of the hydroalcoholic extract of </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Scrophularia striata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">on the hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by AgNPs in male Wistar rats. The measured hepatic enzymes and serum biochemical metabolites included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, albumin, Globulin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin. In addition, the assessed blood oxidative stress markers entailed malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A total of 30 male rats with an average weight of 200±20 g were randomly assigned to five experi-mental groups of six. Animals in group 1 as the negative control received 2 ml distilled water and in group 2 as positive control received 200 ppm AgNPs (i.e., hepatotoxic dose). The rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 received 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Scrophularia striata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">extract and 200 ppm AgNPs in 30 days, respectively. The animals were sacri-ficed under slight anesthesia 24 h after the last treatment. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Hepatic enzymes, serum biochemical metabolites, and oxidative stress markers, mainly CAT, SOD, and GPx in groups 4 and 5 were significantly different from the positive and negative control groups (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05). </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Scrophularia striata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">plant owing to the presence of some special ingredients, such as flavonoids can compensate for the side effects of AgNPs in the body. </span>
Hepatic enzymes,hepatotoxicity,oxidative stress,Scrophularia Striata,silver nanoparticle
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82852.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82852_2a3d505b5827a8191353a2ffaf93d941.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
The Effects of Stanozolol and Nandrolone Decanoate Hormones on Erythropoietin and Testosterone Serum Concentrations in Dogs
325
334
EN
Bahman
Mosallanejad
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
bmosallanejad@scu.ac.ir
Saad
Gooraninejad
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
goorani_s@scu.ac.ir
Annahita
Rezaee
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
a.rezaie@scu.ac.ir
Seyyed Reza
Fatemi Tabatabaei
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
fatemi_r@scu.ac.ir
Hadi
Imani Rastabi
0000-0002-1564-7240
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
h.imani@scu.ac.ir
Saman
Salmani
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
s.salmani.vet@gmail.com
10.22059/ijvm.2020.307743.1005116
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Stanozolol and Nandrolone decanoate are the most commonly used hormones in canine medi-cine. They are mainly administered to strengthen the muscle, gain weight, treatment of anemia and stimulate the appetite. One of the effects of hormones is to enhance the erythropoietin production and eventually an increase in the number of RBCs. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Prolonged usage of hormones may be relevant to the liver and renal disorders; therefore, the pre-sent survey was aimed to evaluate the effects of stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate on liver and kidney indices, erythropoietin and testosterone serum concentrations and hematocrit changes in healthy dogs. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Sixteen dogs were randomly categorized in two groups of A (stanozolol) and B (nandrolone decano-ate). Each group was divided into two subgroups (A</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">, A</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2 </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">and B</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">, B</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">). The second testicle was removed on day 28 in the first subgroups (A</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1 </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">and B</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">), and day 42 in the second subgroups (A</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2 </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">and B</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">2</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">). The first testicle was removed at time zero. Stanozolol (50 mg per dog) was administered to all dogs of group A as IM once a week for six weeks. Group B was similar to group A with the difference that nandrolone decanoate was injected (1 mg/kg) instead of stanozolol. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 3, 14, 28 and 42. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Erythropoietin and testosterone concentrations were virtually increased in both groups A (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05) and B (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05). The effect of stanozolol on erythropoietin (subgroup A</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">) (11.35±1.31 ng/mL) was significantly higher than nandrolone decanoate (subgroup B</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: xx-small;">1</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">) (8.02±0.55 ng/mL) (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05); nevertheless, the changes in testosterone levels, was not significant between groups A and B (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">>0.05). The liver enzymes of ALP, ALT and AST were increased more significantly in group A than group B (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><0.05). </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Erythropoietin and testosterone levels were virtually increased in both groups A and B; how-ever, stanozolol had more significant effect than nandrolone decanoate in increment of erythropoietin; nevertheless, it had more side effects on liver indices. It is suggested that nandrolone decanoate to be administered for the thera-peutic goals. </span>
Dog,Erythropoietin,Nandrolone decanoate,Stanozolol,Testosterone
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82851.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82851_063d5d48feea6dbd8b321aa842af4c83.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Usability Evaluation of Camel Thorn (Alhagi maurorum) in Broiler Diet and Its Effects on Lipid and Protein Oxidation of Broiler Breast Fillets During Frozen Storage
335
345
EN
Amir
Asghari Baghkheirati
0000-0002-2109-4574
Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
amir.asghari598@ut.ac.ir
Ashkan
Jebelli Javan
Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
jebellija@profs.semnan.ac.ir
Saeide
Naeimi
Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
naeimis@profs.semnan.ac.ir
Khosro
Ghazvinian
Department of Livestock Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
khghazvinian@semnan.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2020.308504.1005122
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The decline in poultry meat quality can occur due to the oxidation of lipids and proteins during the storage period. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Alhagi maurorum</span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">in a broiler diet on the oxidation of the lipids and proteins of broiler breast fillets during frozen storage. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A total of 54 male 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into three groups of basal diet as the control group and basal diet supplemented with 10 and 20 g/kg of </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A. maurorum </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">fed for 42 days. After slaugh-ter, breast fillets were kept at -18</span><span lang="JA" style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Cambria Math,Cambria Math; font-size: small;">℃ </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">for 9 months and peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl content, and organoleptic assays were performed on samples every 3 months. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The PV, TBARS, and carbonyl content of both treatment groups at all time points of frozen storage were significantly lower than that of the control group. Statistically, no difference was found between the samples of the two supplemented groups. Moreover, the sensory evaluation revealed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">According to the results of the present study, the incorporation of </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">A. maurorum </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">in broiler diets delayed lipid and protein oxidation in the breast meat. </span>
Alhagi maurorum,Antioxidant,broiler,Lipid oxidation,Protein oxidation
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82853.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82853_9e12089ef459bdec81f8994926636496.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Appraisal of Dietary Prebiotic Supplementation on Meat Properties and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens After Experimental Infection with Eimeria Species
346
357
EN
Razieh
Partovi
Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
saboorapartovi@yahoo.com
Saeed
Seifi
0000-0001-6872-3043
Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
s.seifi@ausmt.ac.ir
Shohre
Alian
Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
shohre.alian.vet@gmail.com
Ali
Nikpay
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
ali.nikpay@gmail.com
10.22059/ijvm.2020.303786.1005095
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that improve the immune system.</span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing </span><em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Eimeria </span></em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">species.</span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including nega-tive control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical character-istics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined.</span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Infection with </span><em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Eimeria </span></em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry matter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. Infection with </span><em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Eimeria </span></em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics decreased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC.</span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to compensate for the negative effects of infection with </span><em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Eimeria </span></em><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.</span>
dietary fiber,Eimeria species,feed,Meat analysis,Poultry products
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82839.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82839_6915de907f2f1932fa295c9c98e55544.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
15
3
2021
08
01
Evaluation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Changes and TGF- β Expression in the Liver of Cholestatic Rats Treated with Ethanolic Extract of Plantago Ovata
358
368
EN
Maede
Rafiee
Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
maede74.rafiee@gmail.com
Pejman
Mortazavi
0000-0002-2795-5371
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
sp.mortazavi@gmail.com
Ahmad
Asghari
0000-0001-5152-8807
Department of Clinical Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
dr.ahmad.asghari@gmail.com
10.22059/ijvm.2020.306770.1005112
<br /><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Induction of cholestasis is one of the methods of liver fibrosis which causes the development of oxidative stress, increased expression of fibrogenic markers, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, and finally the incidence of fibrosis. </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">Plantago ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">is known as a rich source of various secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, trypanoids, and ascorbic acid. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">the present study, the expression of TGF- </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">β as a fibrotic marker and serum alkaline phosphatase </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">(ALP) changes in cholestatic rats treated with </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">extract were evaluated. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">In this study, 48 adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six animals each as follows: (1) healthy control group without bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery and treatment; (2–4) three healthy experimental plus </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">groups: rats without BDL, treated with </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively; (5) the BDL group: rats with BDL and treated with distilled water; and (6–8) the BDL plus </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">groups: rats with BDL and treated with </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were treated with </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">extract for 45 consecutive days (once per day). After euthanasia and serum isolation, ALP enzyme level was measured. Moreover, the rat liver was fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The immunohistochemical study was performed by TGF-</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">β antibody. Data </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and the Prism statistical program (</span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">p </span></em><strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><</span></strong><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">0.0001). </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The results showed a significant increase in the serum levels of ALP enzyme and TGF-</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">β expression </span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">in BDL group. Treatment with </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">extract was able to significantly improve these changes in a dose-dependent manner. </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #211e1e; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">The results of this study showed that </span><em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">P. ovata </span></em><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">extract probably due to its phenolic compounds and its antioxidant effect has a protective effect on the liver and subsequently improves the increased serum ALP level and also reduced TGF-</span><span style="color: #211e1e; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman; font-size: small;">β expression </span>
TGF- β,Cholestatic Rats,Plantago ovata
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82843.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82843_abd8e76cf6172b0beb2783a769b516e4.pdf