University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Indigestible Foreign Materials Impaction of Small Ruminants in Gombe State, Nigeria
1
14
EN
Jallailudeen
Rabana
Lawal
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
rabanajallailudeen@yahoo.com
Zainab
Bukola
Yusuf
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiography, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
zainabyusuf2012@gmail.com
Muhammad
Mustapha
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
tanimuzimbos@unimaid.edu.ng
Lawan
Adamu
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
drlawan3758@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijvm.2021.297539.1005166
<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The predisposition of ruminants to indigestible foreign materials is becoming a major global concern in livestock systems in developing countries making gastrointestinal tract impactions severe veterinary emergencies.
<strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and types of indigestible foreign material impactions in small ruminants in Gombe state, Nigeria.
<strong>METHODS: </strong>A total of<strong> </strong>940 goats and 790 sheep were selected through a systematic random sampling technique and antemortem examinations were completed before slaughter at major abattoirs in Gombe state. The gender, age, and body condition score (BCS) of animals were recorded. Post-mortem examination of the rumen and reticulum was performed and foreign materials in the abdominal cavity were removed, identified, and recorded.
<strong>RESULTS: </strong>Out of 1730 examined small ruminants, 1167 (67.46%) were found to have various types of indigestible foreign materials in their gastrointestinal tracts. The frequency was significantly (χ<sup>2</sup>=58.047, <em>P</em><0.0001) higher in goats (38%) than sheep (23.7%). Prevalence rates of 13.6%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 11.8%, and 11.4% were recorded in Gombe, Yamaltu Deba, Akko, Funakaye, and Kwami Local Government Areas, respectively. Prevalence was found to be significantly (<em>P</em><0.0001; χ<sup>2</sup>=732.87; OR=47.009) higher in adult (59.6%) than young (2.1%) cases, significantly (<em>P</em><0.0001; χ<sup>2</sup>=637.61; OR=31.145) higher in females (42.5%) than males (19.2%), higher in goats (χ<sup>2</sup>=177.03, <em>P</em><0.0001) and sheep (χ<sup>2</sup>=191.39, <em>P</em><0.0001) with poor BCS than those with medium and good BCS. Significantly higher proportions of indigestible foreign materials were recovered in the rumen of goats and sheep, compared to the reticulum. Plastic was the most commonly encountered indigestible foreign material in goats and sheep, followed by seed/nuts, ropes, and clothes.
<strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The results of the current study revealed a prevalence of 67.46% for indigestible foreign materials in goats and sheep. Predisposing factors to indigestible foreign materials in ruminants in the study area included the lack of adequate plastic waste disposal system and management system, as well as the free grazing of livestock. Therefore, it was recommended that collaborative intervention schemes involving governmental agencies and livestock farmers be incorporated to increase public awareness about the proper disposal of domestic waste.
Gastrointestinal tracts,Goats,Indigestible foreign materials,sheep
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_83931.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_83931_b0be621f7bf9f4088c0748f99ab96cb8.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Evaluation of Maggot Therapy Effects on the Progression of Equine Sarcoid
16
25
EN
Masoud
Ahmadnejad
0000-0001-7227-9117
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
ahmadnejad.masoud@gmail.com
Mohammad
Tolouei
0000-0003-1820-7707
Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
toloui_m@yahoo.com
Seyed Hosein
Jarolmasjed
Department of Clinical Science, University of Tabriz, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz, Iran
jarolmasjed@tabrizu.ac.ir
Javad
Rafinejad
Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
jrafinejad@gmail.com
10.22059/ijvm.2021.315021.1005144
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Skin is the largest organ of the body and is of particular importance in the beauty as well as economic value of the horse. Equine sarcoid disease (ESD) is the most common skin tumor in horses. So far, various methods have been used to treat equine sarcoidosis though no fully effective treatment has been proposed till now. Larval therapy has been used for the treatment of human diabetic ulcers as well as horse hoof lesions. Reports on the use of larval therapy to treat the complications of tumor lesions have been promising. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">This study aimed to evaluate the effect of larval therapy on equine sarcoid lesions. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">In this study, 4 horses were diagnosed with equine sarcoid through the clinical examinations and pathological tests, and larval therapy was used to treat the sarcoid lesions. To place the larvae on the lesion, the method of implantation in an artificial nest was used. The number of larvae used per square centimeter was about 10 larvae. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The result of treatment was satisfactory in 2 cases of horses and even in one case, the lesion was largely limited but the skin began to renew. By the way, in general no positive result was seen in the other two cases, which was probably due to the extent of the lesion and the instability of the larvae on it. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">According to the obtained results, it seems that larval therapy is effective for the treatment of sarcoid necrotic lesions, however more studies are needed. </span>
Complementary therapy,Horse,larval therapy,Lucilia sericata,Sarcoid
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82782.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82782_4e1e3f56191d2b7568f9f8fc91583322.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Induction of Ovulation after Artificial Insemination in Rabbits: Intramuscular In-jection of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonist vs. Intravenous Administration of Mated Doe Serum
26
35
EN
Navid
Dadashpour Davachi
0000-0001-9478-9775
Department of Research, Breeding and Production of Laboratory Animals, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
navid.d.davachi@gmail.com
Reza
Masoudi
0000-0002-1095-9392
Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
reza.masoodi@gmail.com
Pawel
M.
Bartlewski
0000-0001-9747-9473
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario, Canada
pmbart@uoguelph.ca
Bahareh
Ahmadi
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario, Canada
ahmadib@uoguelph.ca
Massod
Didarkhah
Faculty of Agriculture Sarayan, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
masooddidarkhah@birjand.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2021.327380.1005186
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: xx-small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">Rabbits are induced ovulators with the ovulatory process being triggered by neuro-hormonal impulses gen-erated during natural mating. When applying artificial insemination (AI), an array of biostimulation techniques and/or exogenous hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or its analogues must be used to induce ovulation. However, the effect of biostimulation techniques and exogenous hormones is not always satisfactory and the use of GnRH analogues is asso-ciated with high production costs. Therefore, the development of an alternative inexpensive, efficient, and safe treatment for ovulation induction in artificially inseminated does is urgently needed. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: xx-small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">In the present study, we examined and compared the effects of mated doe serum (MDS) and GnRH analogue (Gonadorelin) administered immediately after AI on the circulating concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and fertility in New Zealand does. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: xx-small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">Forty artificially inseminated does were allocated to four equinumerous groups. The Control G, Treatment G, Control M, and Treatment M groups received 0.2 mL of saline intramuscular (IM), 0.8 μg of Gonadorelin dissolved in 0.2 mL of saline IM, 2.5 mL of mixed-sex normal rabbit serum intravenous (IV),and 2.5 mL of MDS/doe IV, respectively. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: xx-small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">A peak in systemic LH concentrations occurred earlier in Treatment M, compared to Treatment G does (71 vs. 107 min post-AI, respectively; </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: xx-small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">≤0.05). Mean LH concentrations did not vary (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: xx-small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">≤0.05) from the pre-AI values in neither of the control groups. Serum LH concentrations remained higher (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: xx-small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">≤0.05) in the Treatment M group, in comparison with Treatment G does during30-90 min post-AI. However, LH was higher (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: xx-small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">≤0.05) in the Treatment G group than the Treatment M group 120 and 160 min post-AI. Gonadorelin and MDS injections both resulted in the same kindling rate of 80% at each of the four con-secutive AIs (initiated 30 days postpartum) and were significantly greater than that recorded in the control animals (20%). </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: xx-small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">It can be concluded that MDS administration is an effective treatment for inducing ovulation in rabbits with repeatability similar to that achieved with a GnRH analogue </span>
GnRH,Induced ovulatory,Mated doe serum,Neuro-hormonal reflex,Rabbit
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82845.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82845_a34372862d3f4075b8c7eabd40b17e16.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Anti-nociceptive Mechanisms of Testosterone in Unilateral Sciatic Nerve Ligated Male Rat
36
45
EN
Sahar
Rezaei
Graduate student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
rezaei.sahar@gmail.com
Ahmad
Asghari
0000-0001-5152-8807
Department of Clinical Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
dr.ahmad.asghari@gmail.com
Shahin
Hassanpour
0000-0002-4417-1819
Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
hassanpour.shahin@gmail.com
Farnoosh
Arfaei
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
arfaee@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijvm.2021.314813.1005143
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition which is mediated by complex mechanisms exerted by the release of nerve neurotransmitter. A correlation exists between the sex hormones and neuropathic pain, however many aspects of this correlation still remain unclear. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The aim of the current study was to determine the anti-nociceptive activity of testosterone and its interaction with the opioidergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic receptors in sciatic nerve-ligated male rats. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">In this study, 170 adult male rats were randomly allocated into the 4 experimental groups following the sciatic nerve ligation. In the experimental group 1, the animals were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with saline, testosterone (10 and 15 mg/kg), and morphine (5 mg/kg), and 30 minutes later with formalin into the plantar surface of the right paw. In the experimental group 2, the animals were injected with saline, testosterone (15 mg/kg), nalox-one (2 mg/kg), and testosterone (15 mg/kg)+naloxone (2 mg/kg). In the groups 3 and 4, flumazenil (5 mg/kg) and yohimbine (2 mg/kg) were injected instead of naloxone. Then, the time spent for paw licking was monitored for the first and second phases after the formalin injection. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">According to the results, the injection of testosterone in a dose dependent manner decreased the time of licking and biting in the injected paw compared to the control group (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"><0.05). Likewise, pretreatment with na-loxone or flumazenil significantly decreased the anti-nociceptive effect of testosterone (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"><0.05). While pretreatment with yohimbine significantly increased the anti-nociceptive effect of testosterone (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"><0.05). </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">These results suggested testosterone has an anti-nociceptive activity and this effect is mediated by the opioidergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic receptors in the sciatic nerve-ligated male rat. </span>
Anti-nociceptive,Dopaminergic,GABAergic,rat,Sciatic nerve injury,Testosterone
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82781.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82781_b5689b25d9aaa8631cd45acc0b70f315.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Greater Reproductive Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows with Moderate Length of Anogenital Distance at First Service Postpartum
46
56
EN
Mohammad Javad
Mozaffari Makiabadi
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
m.j.mozafari52@gmail.com
Vahid
Akbarinejad
0000-0002-6979-2822
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
v_akbarinejad@ut.ac.ir
Farid
Heidari
Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
heidari@nigeb.ac.ir
Faramarz
Gharagozlou
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
faramarz@ut.ac.ir
Mehdi
Vojgani
Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
vodjgani@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2020.309538.1005125
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Previous studies have indicated negative association of anogenital distance (AGD) with fertility in dairy cows; however, the mechanism of inverse relationship is not completely understood. In this regard, post-partum uterine infections and their corresponding risk factors could diminish fertility of cows, yet there has been no research exploring the relationship between AGD and postpartum disorders. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between AGD and postpartum reproduc-tive performance in dairy cows. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">AGD of Holstein dairy cows of a commercial dairy herd (n = 290) was measured in millimeter at the first postpartum examination (days 28 to 32 postpartum). The cows were classified into three categories based on the AGD length, including short (20% of cows with lowest values), intermediate (60% of cows with moderate values) and long (20% of cows with highest values) AGDs. Additionally, data of postpartum reproductive variables were retrieved form the herd database. Data was analyzed using SAS software version 9.4. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The rate of dystocia, twinning, retention of fetal membranes, puerperal metritis and clinical endome-tritis, calf birth weight, and days to first service did not differ among the various AGD categories (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">>0.05). However, proportion of male offspring was lower in the short AGD cows than intermediate and long AGD cows (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"><0.05). Furthermore, the first service conception rate was greater in the intermediate anogenital distance group than short and long anogenital distance groups (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">P</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"><0.05). </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">In conclusion, the present study showed suboptimal first postpartum conception rate in the cows with minimal and maximal length of anogenital distance and indicated that this inferior fertility was not mediated through alteration in the rate of postpartum reproductive disorders </span>
Anogenital distance,Dairy Cows,Dystocia,fertility,Uterine infections
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82773.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82773_df2b98ad9e7e2b928eadf081f15aa2bd.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Real Time Detection of Different Variant Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Trachea, Lung and Kidney of Infected Broiler Chickens
57
63
EN
Mozafar
Hajijafari Anaraki
Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
mozafarhajijafari@gmail.com
Nariman
Sheikhi
Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
n_sheikhi@srbiau.ac.ir
Hadi
Haghbin Nazarpak
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
hhaghbinn@yahoo.com
Gholamreza
Nikbahkt Brujeni
0000-0002-2970-5827
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
nikbakht@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2021.321594.1005165
BACKGROUND: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a great potential for genetic variability which leads to the generation of new virus strains. The changes in the IBV genome often cause alterations in virulence, tissue tropism, and viral replication in the host tissues.<br />OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to identify the virus variant strains in the trachea, lungs, and kidneys of infected birds. The possible relationship of IBV variants with the relative quantity of virus in each organ was also investigated.<br />METHODS: The IBV variant strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Amongst infected commercial broiler flocks sampled at Golestan and Mazandaran provinces of Iran, nine flocks (three flocks per variant) were selected based on the identified variants. Trachea, lung, and kidney samples of five birds per flock were examined for the presence of the virus and variants. Moreover, the virus was quantified in target organs using real-time quantitative PCR.<br />RESULTS: Based on the results of PCR and sequencing, three IBV variants were selected, namely A, B, and C. Virus types A and B were detected in all target organs, while type C was detected in the trachea and kidney. Virus type C had the highest quantity of 17.02±5.22 and virus type A showed the lowest quantity of 5.68±2.4 in infected tissues. The relative quantity of virus detected in tissues significantly correlated with the IBV variant.<br />CONCLUSIONS: Genetic polymorphism in IBV field strains was revealed to have significant correlations with viral quantity in the lung, trachea, and kidney. Our findings are an update of the current knowledge on the associa-tions between viral genotype, virulence, and pathogenicity.
broiler,chicken,infectious bronchitis virus,quantification,Tissue
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82786.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82786_4d1a5327321aa8c6de06c64582638075.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Echocardiographic Findings of Left Ventricle (LV-Study) in Cats Diagnosed with Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
64
71
EN
Sadaf
Sadri
Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
sadafsadri@ut.ac.ir
Majid
Masoudifard
0000-0001-9087-6919
Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
mmfard@ut.ac.ir
Dariush
Shirani
0000-0003-0463-488X
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
dshirani@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/ijvm.2021.325558.1005181
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The severity of congenital heart disease can range from trivial to life-threatening conditions, and clinical signs might have no specific manifestation prior to sudden death. Radiographic and echocardiographic examinations of all kittens early in their lives are advisable due to the difficulties of diagnosis based on physical examination alone. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The current study aimed to evaluate echocardiographic and radiographic findings in a group of cats with atrial septal defect (ASD) and compare their LV-study with another group of cats with normal cardiac indices. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">In the group of cats with ASD, medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical findings, and echocardiographic data, as well as measurements in B-mode, M-mode, and color Doppler. In the normal heart group, all radiographic and echocardiographic findings were normal and echocardiographic data were compared with the same data in the group of cats with ASD. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">We found that the shunt direction in all cats with ASD was left-to-right. The mean left atrial (LA)/aortic diameter (Ao) and IVSd were the only two LV-study parameters that were significantly higher in the group of patients than the control group. However, other LV-study parameters showed non-significant differences between these two groups. The mean IVSs, EF%, and FS% in the patients were higher than the control group, while the mean LVIDs in the group of patients was lower than the control group and the mean LVIDd, LVPWd, and LVPWs were almost the same in the two groups. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The results of this study showed that despite the defect in the interatrial septum of the patients, most of their left ventricular echocardiographic parameters showed no significant differences with normal refer-ences. </span>
Atrial septal defect,cats,Echocardiography,Left-to-right shunt,LV-study
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_84049.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_84049_d9985782f2e300f11bfb95b30736e008.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Middle Ear Ossicles in Lori Sheep and Native Cattle of Shahrekord Region
72
80
EN
Rahmat Allah
Fatahian Dehkordi
0000-0003-2126-6847
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
fatahian_1349@yahoo.com
Amirhossein
Torabi
DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
torabi_a@yahoo.com
Mojgan Sadat
Azimi
DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
sadat_m@yahoo.com
Hanie
Mohammadi
DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
hanievet.74@gmail.com
Kazem
Norozi
Expert of Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
norozi_kaz@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijvm.2021.317645.1005154
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The ossicles comprise three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) known as the smallest bones in the body that play an essential role in transmitting sound to the inner ear. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The study was conducted to compare the structure of the middle ear in native sheep and cattle. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">To study the details of middle ear ossicles in Lori sheep (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">n=5</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">) and native cattle (</span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">n=5</span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">), bio-anatomical parameters of the malleus, incus, and stapes ossicles were measured. Animals were male and adult. In this study, the ossicles were carefully described by the appropriate devices, and after separation, the ossicles were measured using a caliper and digital scales. Bio-anatomical changes were evaluated under magnification provided by stere-omicroscope. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The cow's middle-ear ossicles differed from those of sheep in some details. The results revealed obvi-ous differences in length, width, and thickness of malleus, incus, and stapes in cows compared to sheep. However, further differences were observed in the malleus compared to the other two ossicles when the ossicles of the two species were evaluated. After examining the two studied species, the least difference was observed between the ossicles of the two animals in the stapes. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">To conclude, this study could compare middle ear ossicles between sheep and native cattle in the Shahrekord province. Anyway, it is conceivable that the biometric sizes of the middle ear ossicles may be af-fected by animal species </span>
Anatomy,Cow,Middle ear,Ossicles,sheep
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82783.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82783_abefe6a586902d14935a1eb204084161.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Effect of Parenteral Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Several Doses During a Six-day Period on Total Antioxidant Capacity in Healthy Holstein Bulls
81
88
EN
Morteza
Kaywanloo
0000-0002-5564-9339
Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
mkeywanloo@semnan.ac.ir
Mahmood
Ahmadi Hamedani
0000-0002-8281-3720
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
ahmadi.hamedani@semnan.ac.ir
Ashkan
Jebeli Javan
Department of Health Food Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
jebellija@profs.semnan.ac.ir
Hesamodin
Emadi Chashmi
0000-0002-3708-6464
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran;
hesamemadi@semnan.ac.ir
Farzaneh
Rakhshani Zabol
Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan,Iran.
farzaneh19@yahoo.com
10.22059/ijvm.2021.314273.1005142
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Vitamin D3 is one of the most important vitamins that can be used either as an injection or as an oral supplement, alone or in combination with other vitamins in cows. Vitamin D3 has known effects on calcium regulation and bone health, and also has several non-calcium effects, including improving immune function and therapeutic and preventive effects on many chronic diseases. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Many of these non-classical effects of vitamin D appear to be due to the effect of vitamin D on improving the body's antioxidant system. This positive effect on the antioxidant status can be due to the effect of vitamin D on the expression of many genes, including genes related to proteins involved in the antioxidant system such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">In the present study, 15 bulls were divided into 3 groups and by intramuscular injection of 3 doses of vitamin D3, their serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were calculated before injection and in two, four and six days after injection. The amounts of vitamins used in groups A, B and C were 3300000, 6600000 and 9900000 units, respectively. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The results of the study showed that TAC levels increase in groups depending on the dose. Total anti-oxidant capacity levels will also increase in the following days. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Therefore, it can be concluded that TAC in cattle is time-dependent and dose-dependent, and regardless of the therapeutic dose of vitamin D3 the use of higher doses of vitamin D3 can improve the antioxidant status. </span>
Cattle,Parenteral,Six days,Total antioxidant capacity,Vitamin D3
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82780.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82780_40ff77d81f8033d9e32546a065c0809f.pdf
University of Tehran
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
2251-8894
2252-0554
16
1
2022
01
01
Changes in Acidity Parameters and Probiotic Survival of the Kefir using Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus paracasei Complementary Probiotics during Cold Preservation
89
98
EN
Hamid
Pourbaba
Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
h.pourbaba@yahoo.com
Amir Ali
Anvar
0000-0002-6204-5621
Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
amiralianvar@gmail.com
Rezvan
Pourahmad
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
rjpourahmad@yahoo.com
Hamed
Ahari
Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
dr.h.ahari@gmail.com
10.22059/ijvm.2020.313626.1005141
<br /><strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Kefir is a fermented milk product containing some anticarcinogenic organic compounds with nutritional benefits, which made it one of the natural dairy beverages extensively consumed. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The present study was conducted to assess the effect of two selective probiotics on the values of acidic criteria and probiotic survival in the kefir produced in this study. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>METHODS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">In the first step, the cow milk, preheated at 90</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">o</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">C for 5 min, was inoculated with the commercial starter and divided into two groups. They were complemented with </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. acidophilus </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">LA-5 and </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. paracasei </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">431 and incu-bated at 30</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">o</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">C for 6 h. They were then preserved at refrigerated temperature up to 14 days and then sampling was carried out to evaluate the changes of values of organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid), pH, titratable acidity and survival of probiotic complemented bacteria on the 1</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">st</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">, 7</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">th</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">, and 14</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">th </span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">days. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>RESULTS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The pH values of </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. acidophilus </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">LA-5 and </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. paracasei </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">431 were 4.34 and 4.36 at the beginning of the cold storage and reached 4.27 and 4.31 at day 14. The acidity of </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. acidophilus </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">LA-5-complemented kefir on the 1</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">st </span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">day was 0.80 gr/100 gr higher than </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. paracasei </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">431-complemented kefir which showed 0.72 gr/100 gr. Lactic acid was ranging from 1.57 to 2.40 gr/100 mL or 2.17 to 2.42 gr/100 mL (from the 1</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">st </span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">to the 14</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: xx-small;">th </span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">day) in the kefirs complemented with </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. acidophilus </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">LA-5 and </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. paracasei </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">431, respectively. In the kefirs complemented with </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. acidophilus </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">LA-5 and </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. paracasei </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">431, the acetic acid was stable (from 0.11 to 0.13 gr/100 mL) during 14 days but increased in the later (from 0.11 to 0.23 gr/100 mL) </span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: B Nazanin,B Nazanin; font-size: small;">.</span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">The survival of both bacteria was higher than 7 logs CFU/gr in the kefir. </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;"> </span><br /><span style="color: #221f1f; font-size: small;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong></span><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">Adding </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. acidophilus </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">LA-5 and </span><em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PS; font-size: small;">L. paracacei </span></em><span style="color: #221f1f; font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman PSMT; font-size: small;">431 can moderate the acidity of the kefir and extend the survival of complementary probiotics at a standard level during two weeks of cold preservation. </span>
Acidic parameters,kefir,lactobacillus acidophilus,Lactobacillus paracasei,Survival
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82779.html
https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_82779_0f70f5f8ab0b798a261caa6e97c2df42.pdf