University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 A Review of IRF and RMI in Evaluating Regenerative and Non-regenerative Anemia in Dogs and Cats 617 626 101904 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005711 EN Mahmood Ahmadi-hamedani Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Zeinab Bagherian Student Research Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 12 19 Anemia is one of the most common hematological topics in dogs and cats, and it has various causes and outcomes. The immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and reticulocyte maturity index (RMI) serve as emerging indicators that identify highly immature reticulocytes containing large amounts of ribonucleic acid (RNA). These parameters are critical for the immediate evaluation of bone marrow response, the precise differential diagnosis of various causes of anemia, the examination of treatment efficacy, and the control of bone marrow regeneration in different healthcare settings. The maturity of reticulocytes and the RNA fluorescence intensity are identified by systems such as Sysmex XN-1000V and ADVIA 2120i. These hematology analyzers precisely calculate these indices. The IRF and RMI in dog and cat species with hemolytic anemias are significantly higher than those in hemorrhagic anemia. Additionally, these reticulocyte parameters in dogs and cats with bone marrow failure (BMF) are considerably lower than in other non-regenerative anemia, and both groups compared to pre-regenerative anemia. This review article addresses the concepts, clinical applications, and comparison of the IRF and RMI determined by the Sysmex XN-1000V and ADVIA 2120i hematology analyzers in various types of regenerative, non-regenerative, and pre-regenerative anemia in dogs and cats.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101904_dafb62318778554616a202181faccaa2.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated From Guinea Pigs in Andean Peru 627 634 103050 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005663 EN Rodolfo Gamarra-Ramírez Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculy of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru. María Díaz-Pereyra Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculy of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru. Norma Gamarra-Ramírez Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Engineering of Food Industries, Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo National University, Huaráz, Peru. Luis Vargas-Rocha Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculy of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru. Journal Article 2024 10 25 Background: Guinea pig breeding has gained increasing economic and nutritional importance in various regions worldwide. However, guinea pig farming exposes livestock to multiple infectious diseases that require treatment with different antibiotics—leading to resistance if not properly managed. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from guinea pigs raised in Cajamarca City, Peru, against five commonly used antimicrobials in 2022. Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 105 clinically healthy guinea pigs with no history of antibiotic treatment. The identification of E. coli was confirmed through IMViC biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Results: All samples showed resistance to at least one antibacterial. According to the The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) classification, the prevalence of neomycin resistance was “extremely high (>70%),” of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and chloramphenicol “low (>1-10%)” and of tetracycline and enrofloxacin “very low (>0.1-1%).” Additionally, 93 cultures (88.57%) were resistant to only one antibacterial, eight (7.62%) to two antibacterials, and only two (1.90%) to three antibacterials. Conclusion: A high prevalence of neomycin resistance was observed in E. coli isolated from guinea pigs. Antibacterials with low resistance prevalences are an alternative for use in these rodents. However, continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and specific implementation and sustainable strategies are necessary to preserve the efficacy of antibacterials with high sensitivity rates.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103050_fd8a9809b545ab3eb345d027223a9b3a.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Cytological and Microbiological Study of the External Ear Canal in Dogs With Atopic Dermatitis 635 644 103049 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005574 EN Hamidreza Jahani Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Shahram Jamshidi Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ramak Yahyaraeyat Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Taghi Zahraei Salehi Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5665-5757 Zahra Boluki Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iradj Ashrafi Tamai Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 05 18 Background: Otitis externa is the most important disease of the external ear canal. Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a pruritic and inflammatory skin disease with a genetic background. Otitis externa is common in dogs and many of these cases are related to atopy. Objectives: In this study, by comparing the characteristics of the external ear canal of atopic and non-atopic dogs with otitis, we aimed to determine their cytological and microbiological patterns and guide clinicians in choosing the best diagnostic and treatment plans. Methods: Twenty atopic and 26 non-atopic dogs were studied. Atopy was diagnosed based on history and clinical examination findings according to Favrot’s criteria. Sampling was performed from the external ear canal. The signalment of the cases was recorded and analyzed, along with cytological and microbiological features. Results: Microscopic and macroscopic studies of the external ear canal showed no statistically significant difference between groups. In addition, the most frequent bacterial isolate cultured was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in both groups, with a frequency of 69.5%. The genera Pseudomonas, Escheria and Streptococcus followed, with frequencies of 17.4%, 10.9% and 7.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our study are largely consistent with those of previous studies that evaluated the external ear canal of dogs with otitis. According to our findings, the features of the inflamed ear canal did not differ significantly between atopic and non-atopic patients.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103049_f72595b32346a5d06883661ebfb83f7a.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Morphological and Molecular Identification of Brown Dog Ticks Rhipicephalus linnaei “Tropical Lineage” Isolated From Pet Dogs in Some Small Animal Hospitals Around Hanoi, Vietnam 645 654 101656 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005682 EN Nguyen Yen Thi Hoang Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam. Tran Thi Huong Giang Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam. Vu Thi Thu Tra Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal Article 2024 11 16 Background: The brown dog ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex, are distributed worldwide. According to the molecular data and geographical distribution, the R. sanguineus complex is divided into two clades: R. sanguineus sensu lato “tropical lineage” and R. sanguineus sensu stricto “temperate lineage.” However, the recent morphological and molecular identification data re-established a new neotype, R. linnaei, that shares similar morphological characteristics to R. sanguineus, leading to misidentification. Objectives: This study aims to identify and confirm that Rhipicephalus dog tick species are prevalent in Vietnam. Methods: Adult ticks were collected from pet dogs in small animal hospitals around Hanoi, Vietnam. They were then identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis, such as PCR and sequencing techniques. Results: The species of Rhipicephalus identified in this study was R. linnaei with typical morphological characteristics, including narrowly elongated comma-shaped spiracular in males and broadly U-shape genital pore atrium in females. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that this isolate was closely related to R. linnaei from Angola, and the genetic divergences between this isolate in this study with R. linnaei Angola strain were 0.24%, 0.5%, and 0.0% for cox1, 12S rDNA, and 16S rDNA genes, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first report on the prevalence of R. linnaei in dogs in Vietnam and the genetic variation of this species within the referenced R. sanguineus complex in Vietnam, providing essential data for tick taxonomy.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101656_09e8da1ea034e3e67645747ba43ec8a5.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Exploring the Impact of Persistent Morphine Exposure on Kindling Susceptibility in Rat Models 655 664 103053 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005586 EN Yousef Panahi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Marjan Abdollahzade Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2024 05 29 Background: Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder. The relationship between this condition and morphine is intricate and not yet fully understood. Objectives: This study aims to explore the complex relationship between epilepsy and morphine to shed light on their interactions. The main goal is to better understand how morphine can affect seizure thresholds and how a history of epilepsy may alter a patient’s response to morphine. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (normal saline [1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally]+pentylenetetrazol [PTZ] [35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]), morphine 2 (morphine [2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]+PTZ [35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]) and morphine 10 (morphine [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]+PTZ [35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]) and diazepam (diazepam [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]+PTZ [35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally]). PTZ (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, 10 weeks) was administered to induce kindling, and local field potentials were recorded for 10 minutes. Diazepam was administered to terminate the PTZ-induced epileptiform activity. Results: Seizures commenced within less than 100 s and morphine administration did not affect the onset time. The groups that received doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg morphine experienced a significant increase in mean spike counts (P>0.05); in contrast, the mean amplitude remained unaffected compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study found that while morphine may increase the frequency of epileptiform activity induced by the chemical agent PTZ, it does not alter the strength of the electrical activity, which can be a crucial consideration when evaluating the potential use of morphine in the management of seizures.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103053_dd8b1772c961826917be1d819d69763c.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Lycopene Ameliorates Chlorpyrifos-induced Neurotoxicity via Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms in Rats 665 676 103052 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005731 EN Parag Ranjita Bera Department of Bio-Medical Laboratory Science and Management, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India. Sudipta Jana Department of Bio-Medical Laboratory Science and Management, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India. Prabir Mondal Department of Bio-Medical Laboratory Science and Management, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India. Chhanda Mallick Mukherjee Department of Bio-Medical Laboratory Science and Management, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India. Journal Article 2025 01 21 Background: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a common organophosphate insecticide with toxic effects on the brain, nervous system, and other organs. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the neuroprotective efficacy of lycopene, a potential carotenoid, on CPF-induced neuronal damage in male rats. Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three study groups (n=6): control group received only vehicle, CPF-treated group received CPF (6 mg/kg/d), and CPF + lycopene-treated group received CPF followed by lycopene (10 mg/kg/d). After 28 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed to assess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory markers. Results: CPF intoxication significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain cells. As a result, excess choline accumulates in neurons, impairing neurochemical homeostasis and cognitive function. Glutathione S-transferase, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and reduced glutathione content were significantly decreased in the CPF-treated group due to excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in brain cells. This result is also reflected by the elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and conjugated diene. Thus, cellular damage in the brain ensues. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the proinflammatory mediators, increased in brain tissue in the CPF-treated group. After cerebrum and cerebellum histological analysis, partial neuronal necrosis and damage in Purkinje and granular cells were observed. All the above-mentioned parameters of brain tissue were significantly recovered towards the control level in the lycopene-treated group. Conclusion: We may conclude that lycopene protects rat brain tissue against CPF-induced neurotoxicity by acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinergic agent.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103052_015c5f69089e575ddf4e3ea6bc41f7c0.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 10 01 Detection of Campylobacter spp. in Healthy Pet Rabbits and Rodents Using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction 677 684 100096 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005594 EN Tara Nazari Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Amir Rostami Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Bahar Nayeri Fasaei Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Hesameddin Akbarein Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Iraj Ashrafi Tamaei Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 24 Background: Campylobacter is a common cause of human gastroenteritis. These species can cause diarrhea, hematochezia, meningitis, septicemia and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in healthy pet rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters and squirrels referred to Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. Food-producing animals are vital sources of infection in humans. While rabbit and guinea pig meat and fur consumption have increased in many countries, little is known about their role as a source of infection. Therefore, the true incidence of Campylobacter infections may be underestimated. Methods: Fecal samples from 92 rabbits, four guinea pigs, two hamsters and two squirrels were acquired and assessed for Campylobacter species by culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software, version 26. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyze qualitative data. Results: Five samples from rabbits, one sample from hamsters, and one sample from squirrels were positive for Campylobacter spp. No Campylobacter spp. were detected in guinea pigs. All the species were Campylobacter jejuni. No Campylobacter was isolated in culture. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Campylobacter spp. were detected in healthy rabbits, hamsters, and squirrels. In addition, age, gender and sexual status did not significantly affect Campylobacter infection. Furthermore, rabbits and rodents kept as pets should be considered crucial sources of human zoonotic pathogens. They can be reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. and infect people and other animals by shedding these organisms in their stools.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_100096_1236fb7d52903d2ca1d61a5ac6f17835.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Neurotoxicity of Isotretinoin in Mice: Behavioral and Tissue Neurological Function Assessment 685 694 99721 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005588 EN Yamama Alabdaly Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Sahar Abdul Hameed Department of Anesthesia, Medical Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq. Nada Ibrahim Department of Anesthesia, Medical Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq. Journal Article 2024 06 03 Background: Isotretinoin is used to treat some skin disorders in dogs and cats by reducing the size and activity of their sebaceous glands, although it may have some neurobehavioral side effects. Objectives: To evaluate isotretinoin’s effects on the brain and neurotransmitters, as well as its impact on neurobehavior and motor activity. Methods: Fifteen mice were divided into three groups: the first group was a control group, the second group received 125 mg/kg isotretinoin, and the third group received 250 mg/kg orally. Results: The LD50 for isotretinoin is 4841.2 mg/kg. Neurobehavioral measurements of mice revealed significant effects on changes in open-field activity, time spent in dark areas, and negative geotaxis behaviors across different dosage levels of isotretinoin. Both doses of isotretinoin (125 and 250 mg/kg) significantly altered serotonin levels. Mice treated with 125 mg/kg isotretinoin exhibited a decrease in serotonin levels compared to the control group. Both doses of isotretinoin resulted in significant changes in acetylcholine levels. Isotretinoin (125 mg/kg) slightly increased in acetylcholine levels. The data indicated a significant increase in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme levels. A histopathological study of the brain revealed that 125 mg/kg isotritinoin induced mild vacuolization, blood vessel congestion, and mild perivascular edema. A high dose (250 mg/kg) resulted in vacuolization, gliosis, blood vessel congestion, hemorrhage and satellitosis. Conclusion: High oral doses of isotretinoin influence animal neurobehavioral behavior due to its effect on brain tissue, as evidenced by its effects on serotonin, acetylcholine and the COMT enzyme.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_99721_1f4da086f6d3833957d17d43c5ecd6af.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Investigation of the Effect of Icariin on Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures in Male Mice With Gonadoctomy 695 704 98928 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005589 EN Aref Nooraei Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Marzieh Darvishi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Javad Cheraghi Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Marzieh Havasi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Salman Soltani Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. Journal Article 2024 06 08 Background: In epileptic patients and humans treated with antiepileptic drugs, androgen concentration is significantly reduced, leading to an increase in seizures, followed by the destruction of hippocampal neurons and memory and learning disorders. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of icariin extract on epileptic rats following gonadectomy. Methods: A total of 84 male mice were used. Mice were randomly divided into 12 groups: Control, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), icariin (E), gonadectomy (GO), PTZ+E, PTZ+GO, DMSO+E, DMSO+GO, E+GO, PTZ+E+GO and DMSO+E+GO. After inducing epilepsy using PTZ, the shuttle box test and tissue parameters were evaluated. Results: This study showed that both epilepsy-induced seizures and gonadectomy decreased neuronal density in the hippocampus, decreased Nestin expression, increased degenerated cells and inflammation, increased the number of monocytes and decreased memory and learning ability. The icariin extract improved this condition to a certain extent. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicines, such as icariin, in the treatment of epilepsy by increasing testosterone levels and its neuroprotective properties may open up new horizons in the treatment of patients with epilepsy.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_98928_4eac583387cfe8b745c6a395244070a8.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Impact of Nanochitosan Alcoholic Basil Seed Extract on Albino Diabetic Rats 705 712 100408 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005617 EN Israa Tareq Hussein Al Khazaali Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. Saadia Saleh Mehdy Zeiny Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. Journal Article 2024 09 05 Background: Basil seeds are traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes, such as improving digestion, regulating blood sugar, aiding weight loss, cooling the body, relieving stress, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, improving vision, and reducing inflammation. Recent studies show that Ocimum basilicum extracts have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in rats. Due to diabetes’ significant impact on the cardiovascular system, researchers are exploring natural treatments, including plant-based remedies. Nanomaterials are emerging as a promising method for effectively delivering these herbal treatments. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of nanoparticle chitosan of basil seed alcohol extract on albino rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Basil seed alcoholic extract nanoparticles were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscope. A total of 42 adult male rats were divided into six groups: One negative control, one positive control (diabetes induced with alloxan at 100 mg/kg) and four treatment groups. The treatments were empagliflozin (25 mg/kg), nanochitosan (250 mg/kg), basil seed alcohol extract (250 mg/kg) and nanoparticle basil seed extract (250 mg/kg), administered orally for 21 days. Blood samples were collected to evaluate sugar levels, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and insulin. Results: The study investigated the effects of nanochitosan and basil extract in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in five groups of rats, leading to increased blood glucose levels. Key findings included elevated insulin levels in all treated groups except the positive control group, and the nano-chitosan basil seed extract group showed the most significant improvement. Interleukin-1β level decreased in all treated groups, with significant reductions observed in groups 5 and 6. Similarly, Tumor necrosis factor level decreased in all treated groups, with the nanochitosan basil seed extract group showing the most significant reduction compared to groups 3, 4 and 5. The nanochitosan basil seed extract demonstrated substantial positive effects on insulin, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in diabetic rats. Conclusion: Using basil seed extract combined with nanochitosan has shown a positive impact on increasing insulin levels, reducing blood sugar, and decreasing interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, which are associated with inflammation and chronic diseases.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_100408_fab85fb9c95688c853c7473c5d5425e4.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Effects of Incubation Temperature at 37 °C on Canine Sperm Quality Before Cooling to 5 °C 713 722 98555 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005618 EN Javad Jafari Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Ghasemzadeh-Nava Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Vahid Akbarinejad Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Abdolhossein Shahverdi Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 12 Background: One of the most important aspects of artificial insemination in animals is the practical design of long-term preservation of sperm. Although there are many reports on canine sperm storage methods, an improved system for chilling canine spermatozoa is required for successful breeding programs in companion and working dog colonies. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of incubation temperature at 37 °C on dog sperm parameters before cooling. Methods: Around 1-2 mL ejaculated sperm from the testes of 5 mature, healthy dogs were collected and divided into two groups: C: TRIS+egg yolk 20% (control, without incubation at 37 °C), T: TRIS+egg yolk 20% (treatment group, incubation at 37 °C for 10 minutes). Evaluation of cooled sperm was done by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) for motility test, morphology, eosin-nigrosin vital staining and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) after cooling. Results: In the treatment group, total and progressive motility (PM), curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity, average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), the proportion of sperm with normal morphology, the proportion of viable sperm and the proportion of sperm positive for HOST were not affected by the interaction of group by time. However, they were lower in treatment than the control group (P<0.05) and they decreased throughout preservation (P<0.001). Conclusion: Keeping sperm at a temperature of 37 °C and applying heat shock by bain-marie has highly adverse effects on the quality of ejaculated sperm.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_98555_dfa068fb341957d59fb00114ba5431b4.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Histopathological Investigation of Sarcoptes scabiei Infestation in Sheep Population in Diyala Province, Iraq 723 730 101920 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005548 EN Ahmed Kamil Awad Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Diyala, Iraq. Ghazwan Sabah Kamil Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq. Journal Article 2024 04 06 Background: Mange, primarily caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei, poses a serious health threat to many mammalian species, including domesticated and wild animals. Objectives: This study investigates the major effects of S. scabiei, the causative agent of scabies, focusing on the sheep population in Diyala Province, Iraq. The disease results in severe clinical symptoms, such as intense itching, hair loss, and secondary infections, and may negatively impact the productivity and wool quality of affected sheep. Despite its importance, the histopathological alterations induced by S. scabiei in sheep have remained poorly documented. Methods: To explore these alterations, skin samples were collected from sheep diagnosed with scabies in Diyala Province. The tissue samples were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined under a light microscope to identify and document pathological changes caused by the mite. Results: Histopathological analysis revealed significant abnormalities, including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, neutrophilic infiltration, and hemorrhage. S. scabiei in the stratum corneum, accompanied by follicular hyperkeratosis and acute cellular swelling, highlights the intense inflammation and tissue damage resulting from the infestation. Conclusion: This study confirms distinct histopathological changes in sheep’s skin affected by sarcoptic mange.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101920_90b7f089069562c8c9342fb67997cbcd.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Evaluating the Antioxidant Potential of Epimedium grandiflorum in a Rat Model of Cryptorchidism: Reducing Malondialdehyde and Enhancing Antioxidant Enzymes 731 742 101874 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005323 EN Ehsan Ilkhani Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Asghari Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5152-8807 Pejman Mortazavi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Shahin Hassanpour Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 12 28 Background: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common congenital malformations of the male genital organs. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of Epimedium grandiflorum on the testes of rats with cryptorchidism. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into healthy control, sham, cryptorchidism, and cryptorchidism treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of E. grandiflorum. Unilateral cryptorchidism was induced in rats through surgery. The hydro-ethanolic extract of E. grandiflorum was prepared by drying the leaves of E. grandiflorum at a temperature of 24 °C. The obtained powder was mixed with 80% ethanol. Treatment groups received E. grandiflorum daily through oral gavage for 7, 14, and 28 days. The expression levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were examined. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to study pathological changes. Results: In rats treated with E. grandiflorum (400 mg/kg for 28 days), the highest decrease in MDA (P<0.0001) and increase in SOD and GPx (P<0.0001) were observed compared to the cryptorchidism group. Testis were seen with high normal spermatocytes in seminiferous tubules, and the highest spermatocyte count in rats treated with 400 mg/kg of E. grandiflorum. By reducing MDA and increasing SOD and GPx, the high antioxidant properties of E. grandiflorum lead to the control of oxidative stress in the testes of cryptorchid rats. Conclusion: E. grandiflorum can control tissue level, severe destruction of sperm tubes, reduction of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and ultimately infertility, and increase of spermatocytes. Therefore, it can be an essential therapeutic intervention as an antioxidant compound in cryptorchidism.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101874_ea24ba04d95e75a81148d97e42fcc415.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Prevalence, Phylogeny, and Virulence Genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Slaughtered Broilers in Iraq 743 756 103051 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005729 EN Hussam M. Abdulwahab Department of Pathology and Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. Ahmed Jasim Neamah Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qadisiyah University, Diwaniyah, Iraq. Journal Article 2025 01 19 Background: Campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, affecting developed and developing countries. Objectives: This study aimed to identify Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli species in broilers at slaughter in four governorates in Iraq and analyze phylogeny and occurrence of virulence genes in both species. Methods: A total of 200 broilers were randomly selected from 20 farms. Cecal samples were collected and subjected to bacteriological identification. Multiplex PCR was used to identify C. jejuni and C. coli using specific primers for the hipO and glyA genes. 16S rRNA sequencing and PCR-based detection of virulence genes (cadF and cdtB) were also performed. Results: The overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 36.5%, with C. jejuni (75.3%) being more prevalent than C. coli (24.7%). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences of C. jejuni isolates are grouped into a cluster with four clades. The local strains showed close genetic relationships with two C. jejuni strains from Thailand (MZ948926.1 and MZ948908.1) and India (ON920206.1), while the greatest divergence was observed between the local isolates, Polish (MN708183.1), and Philippine (MZ028017.1) strains. The local C. coli isolates (OP263114, OP263119, OP263120) exhibit a high degree of genetic relatedness to C. coli isolates from Spain (MT453963.1; MT453947.1; MT453968.1; MT453951.1), but greater genetic distance from a Campylobacter sp. isolate from Germany (PP989493.1). The virulence genes cadF and cdtB were detected in 76.7% and 82.2% of the isolates, respectively. The cadF gene was more prevalent in C. coli (77.7%) than in C. jejuni (76.36%) isolates, while cdtB was more prevalent in C. jejuni (83.6%) than in C. coli (77.7%) isolates. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence, genetic diversity, and virulence potential of C. jejuni and C. coli in Iraqi broilers at slaughterhouses, emphasizing the need for enhanced surveillance, biosecurity measures, and genomic studies to mitigate public health risks.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103051_6a6dcbc048a1f2b9c94fef30e67843c1.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Effects of Intravenous Injection of Glycyrrhizin on Serum Biochemical Parameters and Appetite in Inflamed Arian Broiler Chickens 757 766 98930 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005600 EN Mitra Nowrouzpour Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Amin Rahdari Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0001-6098-2278 Farshid Hamidi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0001-6098-2278 Journal Article 2024 06 18 Background: Broiler chicken populations are currently facing a pressing issue in the form of bacterial infections, which significantly impact their growth and developmental processes. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a compound discovered in licorice, is a unique and versatile compound with various psycho-chemical properties that contribute to its diverse biological activities. It also has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall poultry health. Objectives: This study aims to modulate the effect of GL on appetite and serum markers by mitigating inflammation in chickens. Methods: The effects of GL and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on broiler chickens were investigated. Twenty-four one-day-old male Arian broiler chickens (Simorgh Co., Mashhad, Iran) were divided into four control groups and three treatment groups receiving LPS alone or with GL at two different dosages. Treatments were administered intravenously on day 20, and feed intake and blood samples were monitored. Results: LPS injection significantly reduced feed intake compared to the control group at 4.5, 5 and 6 h. after injection (P<0.05). Furthermore, the co-administration of LPS+GL resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cumulative feed consumption compared to that in the LPS group at 4.5, 5 and 6 h. following the injection. Additionally, the groups treated with LPS and GL showed reduced activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes relative to the group that received only LPS, suggesting that GL may exert a hepatoprotective effect. GL mitigated the negative effects of LPS and improved the albumin-to-globulin (A/G) ratio, highlighting its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Conclusion: GL positively influences appetite and liver function in inflamed Arian broilers.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_98930_b31733ca3152cf5d65eed501decc0c42.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Effect of Dietary Prebiotic Supplementation on the Immune Response and Intestinal Health Following Eimeria Infection of Broiler Chicken 767 784 100140 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005602 EN Mahnaz Bayat Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Hassan Darmani Kuhi Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Mohammad Roostaei-Ali Mehr Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 0000-0001-7578-467X Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 07 Background: Antibiotics are preferred drugs for controlling coccidiosis. However, prolonged use of ionophores will result in Eimeria resistance to these drugs. Objectives: The present work was conducted to evaluate the possible substitution of prebiotic (nutri yeast [NY]) for antibiotics in mild-challenged broilers with Eimeria. Methods: A total of 420 1-d-old male Ross 308 chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 5 replicates. Experimental treatments included: 1) Negative control (NC) (without prebiotic and challenge); 2) Positive control (PC) (without prebiotic and challenged with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria [SO]); 3) 0.2% NY in starter, 0.1% in grower, 0.05 % in finisher, challenged with SO; 4) 0.2 % NY in starter, 0.1 % in grower, 0.05 % NY in finisher, without challenge; 5) 0.2% NY in the whole rearing period of chicks challenged with SO; 6) 0.2% NY in the whole rearing period of chicks without challenge; and 7) Salinomycin (0.05 % of diet). At 7 d of age, treatments 2, 3 and 5 were challenged with a 20-fold dose of Eimeria vaccine via oral gavage. Antibody levels against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) were measured at 31 and 41 days of age. On days 28 and 42, two birds per replicate were slaughtered to collect ileal digesta for microbial analysis. Samples were collected for blood metabolite parameters, carcass traits and visceral organ weight, intestinal morphology, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene expression on day 42. Results: The results showed that NY supplementation increased the concentration of serum total protein (3.10 vs 2.57 g/dL) and decreased serum triglycerides (50.6 vs 57.3 mg/dL) and cholesterol (108.6 vs 133.9 mg/dL) levels compared to NC group (P<0.05). Serum antibody titers against Newcastle were higher in prebiotic treatments compared to control groups, and for the secondary immune response against SRBC broilers fed NY diet had the highest levels of total Ig (8.4 vs 6.4) and IgG (5.6 vs 4.2) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The inclusion of NY improved intestinal pH and the relative weights of immune organs, breast muscle, and small intestine compared to the NC treatment (P<0.05). Villus height (806.6 vs 578.7 μm) and numbers of lactobacillus (8.77 vs 8.29 CFU/g) increased, while crypt depth (112.8 vs 144.9 μm) and numbers of coliforms (6.19 vs 6.61 CFU/g) decreased in broilers fed a diet containing NY compared to the NC group (P<0.05). Dietary supplementation of NY decreased IL-6 gene expression in challenged and unchallenged birds compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study confirmed our hypothesis that the use of prebiotic (NY) has protective activities against coccidiosis in broiler chicks.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_100140_478c1f1cdf9be9429748c1551d79d194.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Normal Computed Tomography Findings of Head in Lovebird (Agapornis Roseicollis) 785 798 98929 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005598 EN Maryam Azari Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Mehdi Rezaei Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0003-1178-0260 Siamak Alizadeh Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Naghadeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naghadeh, Iran. Mohammadreza Hosseinchi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2024 06 14 Background: Computed tomography (CT) scanning is one of the most practical and precise diagnostic imaging methods used to evaluate birds’ heads. Objectives: This study aimed to present normal anatomical data of the head of a lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) using the CT method. The features of the bird’s head were investigated in terms of bones, joints, muscles, sinuses, and other constituent tissues. Methods: This current retrospective cross-sectional study included carcasses of six adult lovebirds (A. roseicollis) (three males and three females), with an average age of 1–3 years and an average weight of 40–60 g. After preparing the CT images, the head of each parrot was subjected to gross anatomical examination. Results: Reconstructed CT images identified most structures of the lovebird (A. roseicollis) head. The parietal, mandibular, occiput, maxillary, preimaxillary, palatine, pterygoid, quadrate, temporal bones, epithelial membranes, external ear canal and bony labyrinth, ossicles, and entoglossal bones, different parts of the infraorbital sinus, brain hemispheres, and various parts of the eyeball and conchae of the nasal cavities were examined on the CT images. The results related to the CT evaluation and anatomical examination of the lovebird’s (A. roseicollis) head demonstrated a high correlation. Conclusion: The study’s results can be employed as a reference and a suitable atlas for identifying anatomical features, examining different species of lovebirds (A. roseicollis), teaching anatomy, interpreting CT scan images, performing clinical examinations, and treating this type of parrot.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_98929_3f4ac6d7b1f3d97564a91197c37b8431.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Anti-nociceptive Activity of the Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Mice 799 806 98927 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005581 EN Elaheh Tadayon Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Shahin Hassanpour Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 05 25 Background: Pain is a traditional indication of an inflammatory reaction, manifesting allodynia and hyperalgesia. Carthamus tinctorius L. has demonstrated various biological activities. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the anti-nociceptive activity of the C. tinctorius L. in mice. Methods: A total of 105 adult male NMRI mice were randomly assigned to participate in five separate experiments, each consisting of four groups. In the initial trial, the mice were administered saline, an extract derived from C. tinctorius L. (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine (5 mg/kg). In the second trial, the subjects were treated with saline, naloxone (2 mg/kg), extract of C. tinctorius L. (400 mg/kg), and a combination of extracts of C. tinctorius L. and naloxone. In trials 3-5, L-Name (10 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (4 mg/kg) and flumazenil (5 mg/kg) were administered instead of naloxone. Formalin was then injected, and paw-licking time (pain sense) was recorded. Results: According to the results, C. tinctorius L. exhibited a decrease in pain response compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Injection of naloxone in combination with C. tinctorius L. reduced the pain response during the formalin test (P<0.05). Injection of L-NAME combined with C. tinctorius L. led to increased pain response during the formalin test (P<0.05). Cyproheptadine was administered combined with C. tinctorius L. and pain response was reduced during the formalin test (P<0.05). Injection of flumazenil combined with C. tinctorius L. reduced pain response during the formalin test (P<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that the antinociceptive activity of C. tinctorius L. is mediated via the opioidergic, nitrergic, serotonergic and GABAergic systems in mice.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_98927_fe6c0aaa559b4584407f9155f25c0b78.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 Effect of Protein Deficiency Diet on Gastric Histology and Histomorphometric Indices in Mice Animal Model 807 816 100142 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005613 EN Pooya Mahjoub Department of Anatomical Sciences and Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Simin Fazelipour Department of Anatomical Sciences and Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Parivash Davoudi Department of Anatomical Sciences and Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Babaei Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 07 22 Background: In the long run, diets can affect the histological structure and histomorphometry of the gastrointestinal tract in order to adapt to the diet and provide its primary role of absorbing the necessary materials and energy for the organism’s survival. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of dietary protein deficiency on the histology and histomorphometric indices of stomach and blood chemical parameters and liver enzymes. Methods: A total of 12 immature female Balb/C mice at the age of three weeks were divided into a control group that received a complete protein diet and an experimental group that received a protein-deficient diet. Three months later, the serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, and liver enzymes were evaluated, and the thickness of the layers of the stomach wall, as well as pit depth, and the number of parietal cells were measured in stomach tissue. Results: Comparing the thickness of stomach layers showed that the thickness of the mucosa, muscle layer, depth of pits, and the number of parietal cells of the stomach wall increased significantly in the experimental group (P<0.05). Also, the serum levels of phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the experimental group showed a significant decrease. Still, the serum level of alkaline phosphatase in the experimental group increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that changes in diet in the long term can alter the histology and histomorphometry of the stomach wall as well as blood parameters, which may be unfavorable for people’s health in some parameters.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_100142_cb37035a4a1625214033d4835039edde.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 19 4 2025 08 01 An Unusual Case of Equine Sarcoid of the Distal Limb in an Arabian Mare: A Case Report 817 822 98916 10.32598/ijvm.19.4.1005573 EN Mohammad Hasan Riahi Private Equine Practitioner, Tehran Province, Tehran, Iran. Farhang Sasani Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ali Roustaei Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mahya Sotoudefar Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 05 13 Sarcoids are the most common skin tumors in horses. A 12-year-old Arabian mare was examined for a significant solid soft tissue mass around the distal portion of the right metatarsal bone and the fetlock joint. The mass gradually increased nearly two years ago after the excisional surgery. Clinical examination showed a firm and painful lobulated mass upon palpation. Radiographic imaging showed bone involvement with severe soft tissue swelling on the dorsal and plantar aspects of the metatarsal bone and fetlock joints. Following histopathological examination, the mass was identified as sarcoid. The horse deteriorated and died. Recurrent growth of sarcoid masses is common, especially after frequent unprincipled interventions. Surgery alone may not be helpful, particularly in areas where the extent of the surgical margins can be limited during excision. This study highlights diagnostic challenges, emphasizing the need for histopathology for the definitive diagnosis of equine sarcoids.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_98916_4bc5db71ca9dff4738130a19f587050b.pdf