University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Natural Growth Promoter in Broilers: Meta-analysis of Performance and Meat Quality 219 232 106046 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005799 EN Muhammad Rizwan Yousaf Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Bilal Ahmed Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Shinta Pandupuspitasari Nuruliarizki Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia. & Meta-Analysis in Plant Science (MAPS) Research Group, Bandung, Indonesia. & Center for Tropical Animal Studies (CENTRAS), The Institute of Research and Community Empowerment of IPB (LPPM IPB), Bogor, Indonesia. & Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. Asep Setiaji Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Faheem Ahmed Khan Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia. & Stem Cell and Cancer Research Indonesia, Semarang, Indonesia. 0000-0002-3590-4320 Dela Ayu Lestari Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Azhar Ali Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Hasliza Abu Hassim Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. & Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. Muhammad Asif Raza Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan. Rahmeen Ajaz Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia (UI), Jakarta, Indonesia. Ikania Agusetyaningsih Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. 0000-0001-7719-9183 Sugiharto Sugiharto Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia. Journal Article 2025 05 08 The global demand for meat is increasing, and recent bans on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have heightened the need for sustainable, effective alternatives in poultry production. Probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has emerged as a promising natural growth promoter in this context. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of S. cerevisiae on growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat quality (both physical and chemical) by synthesizing findings from previously reported studies. This meta-analysis used data from PubMed and Scopus to screen 377 studies and identify 14 relevant trials published from 2000 to 2025. It examined the effects of S. cerevisiaeon broiler chicken growth and meat quality parameters (body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), color, pH, dressing rate, cooking/drip loss, shear force, and water holding capacity [WHC]). Randomized controlled trials were analyzed with OpenMEE software to determine standard mean differences and heterogeneity. S. cerevisiae supplementation significantly improved broiler BW (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.446, P<0.001) and FCR (SMD=-0.442, P=0.001). S. cerevisiae also enhanced meat tenderness by reducing shear force (SMD=-4.662, P<0.001). Effects on other meat quality parameters (pH, cooking/drip losses, dressing rate, water-holding capacity (WHC), color) were not statistically significant. These findings suggest S. cerevisiae potential as a natural growth promoter for broiler performance and physical and chemical meat quality. S. cerevisiae supplementation enhances performance and meat quality. While some meat quality parameters were not significantly affected, S. cerevisiae shows promise as a natural alternative to AGPs in broiler production.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106046_21b0688e22954e2e58b52e523e66ecf3.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Inflammation and Apoptosis Factors in Mares’ Follicular Fluid Regarding Seasonal Cyclicity 233 242 106047 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005897 EN Lyudmila Fedorovna Lebedeva Department of Physiology, The All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding Named After Academy Member V.V. Kalashnikov, Divovo, Russia. 0000-0001-6960-5233 Olga Victorovna Bakovetskaya Department of Biology, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. & Department of Вiochemistry, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. Anna Alexandrovna Terekhina Department of Biology, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. & Department of Вiochemistry, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. 0000-0002-4824-5918 Elena Vladimirovna Solodova Department of Physiology, The All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding Named After Academy Member V.V. Kalashnikov, Divovo, Russia. Yulia Vladimirovna Abalenikhina Department of Biology, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. & Department of Вiochemistry, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. Alexey Vladimirovich Shchulkin Department of Biology, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. & Department of Вiochemistry, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. Svetlana Sergeevna Balashova Department of Biology, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. & Department of Вiochemistry, Ryazan State Medical University Named After Academician I.P. Pavlov, Ryazan, Russia. Journal Article 2025 09 05 Background: The in vitro production of human and animal embryos rapidly has been developed in recent years. The year-round practice of obtaining oocytes from valuable mares does not account for seasonal changes in the oocyte microenvironment or their potential impact on oocyte quality. Objectives: This study aimed to assess levels of inflammation and apoptosis markers in the follicular fluid (FF) of mares during the transitional anovulatory period and the breeding season with normal estrous cycles. Methods: The experimental samples included clinically healthy crossbred mares aged 6-12 years. The expression of inflammation and apoptosis factors (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B [NF-kB], B-cell lymphoma-2 [BCL2], FAS, Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax), caspase 3) in FF samples from the transitional and ovulatory phases was assessed by Western Blotting. Results: The inflammation and apoptosis developed in large FFs (≥31-35 mm) in both periods, evidenced by an increase in the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, FAS, and caspase-3. In luteinizing follicles during the transitional period, anti-apoptotic markers NF-kB and BCL2 reached their peak level, while in large estrous follicles, the level of these markers significantly decreased. This indicated that apoptosis in large FFs is not triggered by TNFα. In hormonally stimulated preovulatory follicles, the level of all inflammation and apoptosis markers decreased except for NF-kB and TNFα. On the contrary, the TNFa reached a maximum level, which could indicate preparation for follicle rupture and the release of a mature oocyte (ovulation). Conclusion: The findings indicate the presence of specific regulatory pro- and antiapoptotic mechanisms involved in the preparation of mature follicles for ovulation.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106047_181a9fa6610438a6bf1cfc643a16f648.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Isolation and Molecular Identification of the Enterotoxigenic Pathotype of Escherchia coli From Calf Diarrhea in Some Part of Iran 243 250 101889 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005630 EN Mahmoud Khormali Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Taghi Zahraei Salehi Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5665-5757 Bahar Nayeri Fasaei Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ramak Yahyaraeyat Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Samad Lotfollah Zadeh Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 26 Background: Calf diarrhea is a common cause of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality in cattle within livestock operations. Objectives: The primary aims of our study were to determine the prevalence and occurrence rate of genes that encode virulence factors (virotypes) in Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves with diarrhea. Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 156 calves exhibiting diarrhea, representing 12 distinct dairy farms located across five provinces in Iran. Through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, the E. coli isolates were evaluated for the presence of various virulence genes, including f4, f5, f6, f41, f17, cfa/1, sta, and lt. Results: Approximately 78.84% of isolates were found to be positive for at least one of the virulence genes. The highest frequency, at 76.28%, was related to the sta virotype. Most isolates analyzed had a single gene, and no combination of fimbrial and enterotoxin genes was found to be predominant. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of monitoring and understanding the epidemiology of enterotoxigenic E. coli pathotypes to develop effective strategies for managing calf diarrhea and mitigating associated economic losses in the Iranian cattle industry.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101889_397bb9be506b5472f38656d8516257a3.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Use of Certain Cardiac Biomarkers in Neonatal Calves With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 251 260 101900 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005693 EN Erdem Gülersoy Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Eyyubiye Campus, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. Canberk Balikçi Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Eyyubiye Campus, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. İsmail Günal Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Eyyubiye Campus, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. Adem Şahan Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Eyyubiye Campus, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. Esma Kismet Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Eyyubiye Campus, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. Journal Article 2024 11 24 Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by heightened respiratory effort, impaires oxygen exchange, and consequent hypoxia, is a leading cause of mortality in calves. Hypoxia associated with respiratory distress compromises cellular oxygen delivery and reduces tissue perfusion, thereby adversely affecting cardiac function. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate cardiac injury and the compressive stress load induced by hypoxia in neonatal calves with ARDS, thereby offering insights into potential management strategies. Methods: Out of 68 neonatal calves presented to the animal hospital for diagnosis, treatment, or routine examination, 25 were included in this study (15 in the ARDS group, 10 in the healthy group). After clinical examinations, arterial blood samples were collected from all animals for ARDS diagnosis. In contrast, venous blood samples were obtained for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurements. Results: Results indicated that arterial pH, partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen saturation levels in calves with ARDS were significantly lower compared to healthy ones, whereas partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lactate levels were significantly elevated. Serum cTnI levels were significantly higher in calves with ARDS compared to healthy calves, while NT-proBNP levels were elevated, though not statistically significant. Although NT-proBNP did not demonstrate statistical significance in diagnosing ARDS, cTnI showed significant diagnostic value for ARDS, with an optimal cut-off value of 86.61 pg/mL (sensitivity: 72.7%, specificity: 100%). Conclusion: Cardiac damage, as indicated by elevated cTnI levels, occurs in neonatal calves with ARDS. Although NT-proBNP levels are not significantly elevated, suggesting a lack of severe ventricular stress, cTnI levels show strong diagnostic relevance in identifying cardiac impairment.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101900_0bece9207cd33af4e69f67ab2ea0d4ef.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Microplastics in Drinking Water, Raw Materials, and Animal Feed Additives 261 270 101890 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005628 EN Tahereh Ali-Esfahani Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Rezaeian Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Jamileh SalarAmoli Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Taghizadeh-Rahmat Abadi Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 26 Background: Numerous studies have shown that exposing livestock to environmental and nutritional pollutants can endanger their health, leading to decreased production and product quality. Additionally, it can potentially transfer pollutants to higher levels of the food chain through contaminated products. Plastic materials have recently garnered significant attention as pollutants. Despite the crucial role of livestock and poultry products in human nutrition, providing a significant portion of the required protein, limited research has been conducted in this area. Objectives: This study was done to estimate the extent of microplastics in drinking water, complete diet, and certain feedstuffs in two dairy farms located in Tehran and Babol. Methods: Water and feed samples were collected in accordance with the standards of the National Organization of Iran. Microscopical examination of samples was done after digesting their organic matter contents with potassium hydroxide (KOH), and their size, color, and quantity were determined. The ingested number of microplastics by each cow was estimated based on the diet consumption. Results: The findings revealed the presence of a large number of microplastics in feedstuffs, varying in size and color. A significant difference in particle sizes of microplastic samples was observed between the two farms. It was estimated that each cow is ingesting over 5,000 microplastic particles daily through their feed. Conclusion: It can be concluded that dairy cows are exposed to microplastics through their diet, and corn grain was the most contaminated diet ingredient. Particle sizes range from 100 to 700 µm.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101890_4501228e4aec9f26a6be2882dcb9b6f6.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Seroprevalence of Antibodies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Cattle in the Turkestan Region of Kazakhstan 271 278 106048 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005804 EN Balzhan Myrzakhmetova Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Lespek Kutumbetov Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Talshyngul Tlenchiyeva Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Aiganym Tussipova Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. 0000-0002-7767-0542 Gulzhan Zhapparova Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Karina Bissenbayeva Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Kuandyk Zhugunissov Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Sergazy Nurabayev Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Aslan Kerimbayev Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems LLP, QazBioPharm National Holding, Gvardeyskiy, Kazakhstan. Journal Article 2025 05 13 Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in southern Kazakhstan, yet data on livestock exposure remain scarce. Because cattle can amplify virus-infected ticks, accurate prevalence estimates are essential for risk-based control. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CCHF virus (CCHFV) antibodies in cattle across the Turkestan region and to identify demographic and spatial factors associated with exposure. Methods: In 2024, a cross-sectional survey generated 840 bovine serum samples (420 in spring and 420 in autumn) from 14 districts of the Turkestan Region, Kazakhstan. Sampling was performed using a random approach with stratification: 42 rural settlements were included (3 rural districts per district, and 10 heads of cattle from each district). Animals were selected from multiple owners in each village, ensuring the data were representative for assessing the cattle population in the region. CCHFV antibodies were detected using a commercial double-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which enhances specificity and reduces the risk of cross-reactivity with related viruses. Spatial variation in seroprevalence was visualized in ArcGIS 10.8, while statistical analysis, comprising descriptive summaries, χ² test, and multivariable logistic regression, was conducted in R software, version 4.1.0. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results with P=0.05 were deemed significant. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 36.2%, with a significant range of district-level seroprevalence from 10% to 76.6%. The study identified higher seropositivity in adult cattle (43.42%) than in juveniles (11.86%), and females had slightly higher rates than males (38.32% vs 29.99%). Logistic regression analysis showed that age was a significant risk factor, with adults having 4.06 times higher odds of seropositivity (OR=4.06; 95% CI, 2.62%, 6.29%) compared to juveniles. Conclusion: The findings confirm active, heterogeneous circulation of CCHFV among cattle in the Turkestan region, with older animals and districts practicing communal grazing at greatest risk. Incorporating livestock serosurveillance into routine tick control programs and focusing interventions on identified hotspots could curtail zoonotic spill-over to humans.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106048_056f73b27babb8c6d01c3c80e8c0943e.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Insight into Cattle Carcass Condemnation Due to Septicemia in Iran: Evidence From the Slaughterhouse in Mashhad City, Iran 279 288 101898 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005669 EN Mohammadmehdi Nikoosokhan Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Amir Salari Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Soodeh Alidadi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Majid Moosavi Mashhad Meat Industrial Complex, Mashhad, Iran. Mohammadreza Rezaeigolestani Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0002-6417-0565 Journal Article 2024 11 03 Background: Septicemia in cattle remains a significant concern in the meat production industry, often leading to carcass condemnation at slaughterhouses and economic losses while posing potential public health risks. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the septicemia condemnation in the cattle population slaughtered in an industrial slaughterhouse in Iran. Methods: The data used in the present study were sourced from an industrial slaughterhouse in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, covering all cattle slaughtered from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2023. Data included slaughter date, sex, type of condemnation (total or partial), number of condemned carcasses, and organs condemned in partial cases. Global, total, and partial condemnation rates (PCR) were calculated based on post-mortem inspections (PMIs). Results: Out of 474585 cattle slaughtered, 2588 carcasses were condemned due to septicemia, comprising 1501 total and 1087 partial condemnations. Female cattle exhibited higher susceptibility, with total condemnation rates (TCR) of 0.588% and PCR of 0.499%, compared to males, which had TCR of 0.099% and PCR of 0.004%. Seasonal analysis revealed that the highest condemnation rates occurred during the summer, with kidneys and heads being the most frequently condemned organs, accounting for 30.08% and 17.29% of partial condemnations, respectively. Annual analysis revealed fluctuating rates, peaking in 2022 without a declining trend. Conclusion: These results highlight significant sex- and season-related differences in septicemia condemnation rates. Comparison with international studies underscores the need for improved management practices, veterinary supervision, and environmental controls to reduce condemnation rates, ensuring enhanced meat safety and public health.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101898_f09b1ba6ddfce598475cedf5630e7418.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Booster Effects of Oregano (Origanum syriacum) on Newcastle Disease Vaccination in Chickens 289 300 106049 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005807 EN Omar Bassim Al-Tayyar Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 0000-0002-3285-0021 Nawar Ali Jassim Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq. Mohammed Ghassan Saeed Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Journal Article 2025 05 17 Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a major threat to poultry health and production worldwide. While vaccination is widely used, adverse vaccine reactions may impair poultry growth and health. Natural feed additives, such as Oregano (Origanum syriacum), have shown immunostimulatory and protective properties. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the immunostimulatory, protective, and growth-supporting effects of oregano supplementation in broiler chickens vaccinated against ND. Methods: A total of 40 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups (n=10 each): Negative control, positive control (ND vaccine only), and two experimental groups supplemented with Oregano at 1 g/kg or 2 g/kg feed along with ND vaccination. Immune response was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Body weight was recorded at days 1, 21, and 45. Trachea, proventriculus, intestines, and cecum were collected for histopathological evaluation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test, with F values, degrees of freedom, and P values reported. Results: The oregano-supplemented groups showed enhanced immune response, with the 1 g/kg group exhibiting significantly higher antibody titers (P≤0.05) than the vaccine-only group. Body weight was highest in the 2 g/kg group (F3, 36=18.54; P<0.001). Histopathological analysis revealed reduced lesion scores in oregano-treated groups, particularly at 2 g/kg. Semi-quantitative scoring confirmed significant protective effects (P≤0.05) Conclusion: Oregano supplementation enhances humoral immunity, reduces ND vaccine-induced tissue damage, and improves growth performance. One g/kg dose primarily boosts antibody response, while 2 g/kg confers superior tissue protection and growth benefits.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106049_af9a5b46077b577fd739702638fa84ec.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Effects of Metformin on IL-17, IFN-γ, and Sperm Quality in a Rat Model of Chronic Non-bacterial Prostatitis 301 310 103098 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005698 EN Salar Nik Student Research Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Hamid Reza Moslemi Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Mahmood Ahmadi-hamedani Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Khatereh Kafshdouzan Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 12 08 Background: Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNP) is a common, debilitating prostate disorder with no standardized treatment. Metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic medication, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the production of cytokines. Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether MET can modulate inflammatory responses and reproductive parameters in a rat model of CNP induced by carrageenan. Methods: A total of 24 8-week-old male Wistar rats were selected and divided into 4 groups: The mock group (group I), CNP-control group (group II), CNP-Cernilton group (group III), and CNP-MET group (group IV). For CNP induction, 1% carrageenan (0.1 mL) was injected intraprostatically into groups II, III, and IV. The rats in groups III and IV received Cernilton (100 mg/kg) and MET (100 mg/kg) orally for three weeks. Prostatic index (PI), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interferon-γ (IFN‐γ), and sperm parameters (counts, motility, and viability) were compared between groups. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test for normal distributions and the Kruskal-Wallis with Mann-Whitney U test for non-normal distributions. Significance was set at P<0.05. Results: There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in PI, serum levels of PSA, IL-17, and IFN‐γ in group II. At the same time, the sperm quality parameters were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in this group. On the other hand, in group IV, a significant decrease (P<0.05) in PI, PSA, IL-17, and IFN-γ levels was observed, and sperm quality parameters improved compared to group II. Conclusion: MET markedly reduced inflammation and enhanced reproductive parameters in a rat model of CNP. Through lowering PI, inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IFN-γ), and PSA levels, and at the same time enhancing sperm quality, MET proves to be a therapeutic candidate for CNP management.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103098_96dd40eb4d546deaee53ebca74127e42.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Prevalence, Molecular Identification, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strongylus equinus in Horses in Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq 311 320 106051 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005901 EN Hussein Jabar Jasim Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Naer Abdulbari Madlool Alkaabawi Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Zahraa Abd Alhammza Abbass Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Al-Muthanna, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Mohammed Mijbas Mohammed Alomari Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Journal Article 2025 09 19 Background: Gastrointestinal parasites, particularly Strongylus spp., represent a critical challenge to equine health and productivity in developing nations. Objectives: This study aims to provide the first molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Strongylus equinus in horses in Iraq, using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region of rDNA as a marker for species-level identification. It has not been reported previously in the Middle East. Additionally, it establishes baseline data on age, sex, and season-linked risk factors influencing Strongylus spp. prevalence in Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq, a previously unstudied region, thereby addressing critical gaps in the epidemiology of equine parasites. Methods: The flotation technique was performed on 118 horse fecal samples, randomly collected from stables in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Southern Iraq, from January to the end of October 2023. Then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using species-specific primers (StrongF/StrongR) for 50 samples. Three high-quality PCR products with strong band intensity from local S. equinus isolates were sent for sequencing. Results: The epidemiological analysis discovered that 50(42.3%) out of 118 horses were positive for Strongylus spp. infection via the flotation technique. Infection rates were significantly higher in horses under 4 years of age (57.1%); this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Also, the highest prevalence rate was recorded during March (83.3%), and in females (56.2%) (P≤0.05). Moreover, PCR confirmed the presence of S. equinus in 22(44%) out of 50 morphologically positive samples. Partial ITS-1 sequence analysis of the local isolates (PQ900954.1, PQ900955.1, and PQ900956.1) revealed a high degree of similarity to strains from Australia (97%–100%) and to a Chinese isolate (94%). Conclusion: Strongylosis is an important veterinary disease in local horses, with a 42.3% prevalence and significant association with the month and sex. Phylogenetic analysis revealed significant genetic similarity between strains from Iraq and Australia, highlighting the importance of molecular diagnostics to improve parasite management, prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases, and enhance livestock health.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106051_bcbff04643b59169645d78c3b5804e87.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Mito-TEMPO Protects Buck’s Semen Quality During the Cooling Process 321 328 100466 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005681 EN Fatemeh Zarei Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Nader Asadzadeh Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Hassan Khamisabadi Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Navid Dadashpour Davachi Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Reza Masoudi Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-1095-9392 Journal Article 2024 11 15 Background: Membrane lipid peroxidation is one of the most significant chemical stresses in sperm. However, the utilization of antioxidants in semen diluent protects cells against oxidative damage, which could be a beneficial way to preserve semen quality during the storage process. Objectives: The current study aimed to assess the effect of Mito-TEMPO on quality parameters of buck semen during the cooling process. Methods: In this experiment, 5 Saanen bucks were used, and their semen samples were collected twice a week. After semen collection and primary evaluation, semen samples were diluted and assigned into 5 equal aliquots. Then, the samples were added to extenders containing 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM Mito-TEMPO (triphenylphosphonium chloride). The prepared samples were stored at 5 °C for up to 60 h. Chilled sperm motility, progressive motility (PM), viability, mitochondrial activity, membrane functionality, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were analyzed during 0, 30, and 60 h. Results: In results at time 0, no difference was observed among groups, but at 30 and 60 h storage, higher (P≤0.05) sperm total motility (TM), PM, mitochondrial activity, membrane functionality, viability, and lower lipid peroxidation were observed in 10 and 100 μM Mito-TEMPO groups than the others. Conclusion: In conclusion, supplementation of buck cooling medium with Mito-TEMPO as a novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant could be an impressive method to conserve buck’s semen quality during the cooling storage process.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_100466_c824cfccf0913ead9fd0ccb728f0010e.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Ferulic Acid and Submandibular Salivary Gland in Rats Exposed to Methotrexate 329 338 106024 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005829 EN Maha Talal Fattah Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Rana Khairi Attarbashee Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 0000-0003-2608-4903 Faehaa Azher Al-Mashhadane Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Journal Article 2025 06 12 Background: Widely used in chemotherapy, methotrexate (MTX) is known to induce oxidative stress and cell death in non-target organs, such as salivary glands. Objectives: This study investigates the preventive and therapeutic effects of ferulic acid (FA), a naturally occurring antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, on the histological and biochemical alterations induced by MTX in the submandibular salivary glands of rats. Methods: A total of 24 mature male rats were divided into 4 groups (6 rats in each group): Group I (control) received a normal saline solution for 18 days during the study. On the 15th day of the study, group II (MTX-treated) rats got a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of MTX (40 mg/kg). They were left untreated for three days. Group III was the protective group (FA+MTX). The rats were given FA (60 mg/kg/d, orally) for 14 days before receiving a single IP injection of MTX (40 mg/kg) on day 15. Group IV was the therapeutic group (MTX+FA). After three days of MTX administration (days 15, 16, and 17), they received FA (60 mg/kg/day, orally). Results: FA significantly attenuated MTX-induced biochemical and histological anomalies, as demonstrated by decreased levels of IL-1β and caspase 3, elevated levels of IL-10, and attenuated degenerative alterations in the granular convoluted tubule, mucous acini, and striate duct. Conclusion: The study revealed that MTX induces inflammation and cellular death in the submandibular salivary glands of rats, as evidenced by increased levels of IL-1β and caspase 3, along with decreased levels of IL-10, thereby impairing tissue architecture. FA, given either prophylactically or therapeutically, significantly reduced inflammation and apoptosis.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106024_9a5ca6dfeb49223b938732b1dd8cc07a.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Teratogenic Effects of Thallium and Protective Role of the Aqueous Extract of Annona muricata in the Fetuses of Pregnant Mice 339 348 106038 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005838 EN Arwa Adress Ahmed Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Journal Article 2025 06 27 Background: Humans are exposed to thallium sulfate (TO), a toxic heavy metal, through contaminated drinking water, food, or air. Medicinal plants with antioxidant properties such as Annona muricata (soursop) can be used as a natural solution to the problems caused by TI exposure. Objectives: This study aims to determine the preventive effects of A. muricata on the toxic effects of TO in pregnant mothers and their fetuses. Methods: Pregnant females were divided into 3 experimental groups. The first group received distilled water and served as the control group. The second group was given an aqueous solution of custard apple leaves and, after 4 hours, drinking water containing TO. The third group was given drinking water containing only thallium sulfate. Pregnant mice in the second and third groups received experimental materials from the first day of pregnancy to the 15th and 18th days of pregnancy. Blood samples were taken from pregnant mice on the two days (D15, 18). Histological preparations were performed on the placenta to observe the changes in the second and third groups. During the two days of the investigation, the fetuses’ phenotypic alterations were also examined. Results: The results showed the effect of TO + A. muricata on placental tissue (cystic of glycogen cells, increment in thickness of trophoblast septa with deposition of fibrin, dilation of maternal sinusoid, and vacuolated degeneration. Also, there were morphologic changes in fetuses, such as hemorrhage with permanence of the severity effects of TO in the brain, hemorrhage and spinal bifida, atrophy of the rhombencephalon, open eyelids, septo-optic dysplasia, abnormalities of the fetal extremities, hump body, hematoma. Finally, the majority of the results for the second group were similar to the rates of the control group. Conclusion: The graviola apple plant’s leaves can be used at the stated amounts to counteract the effects of TO in drinking water.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106038_3eb3888099e99b90b9d0122d1fe13608.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Genetic Variability of Hemiscorpius lepturus in Khuzestan Province, Iran, Using ISSR-PCR and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I Gene Sequencing 349 358 102162 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005726 EN Kobra Chehari Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Abbas Jelodar Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0001-9994-2281 Hediyeh Jafari Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ahvaz, Iran. Journal Article 2025 01 27 Background: Scorpion stings pose a serious public health concern, particularly in Khuzestan Province, Iran. The genus Hemiscorpius scorpions are a major cause of scorpion stings and related deaths, mostly in children. Objectives: This study aimed to study the potential intraspecific variability of Hemiscorpius lepturus in Khuzestan. Methods: We used inter-simple sequence repeat anchored-polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) to study potential intraspecies variability of this scorpion. Twenty-two specimens of H. lepturus scorpions were collected from 5 geographically distinct regions of Khuzestan. Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol/chloroform method. For phylogenetic analysis, target gene fragments were amplified using ISSR-PCR. By agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR products, bands produced in each specimen were categorized using a zero and one system, and a dendrogram was drawn using the UPGMA algorithm. Results: ISSR-PCR generated 5 bands ranging from 0.9 to 2.5 kb. The results showed that the specimen Hl4Ch was clearly different within its group. To validate these findings, a 637-nucleotide fragment of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced from 5 genetically variable specimens. Out of 5 sequences, Hl1Ba and Hl6Be have a relatively close relationship (57%) with the H. lepturus reference sequence (KU341987). However, Hl4Ch was placed with a relatively high distance (72%) from the rest of them, next to the other reference sequence Hemiscorpius sp. (OP433762.1). Conclusion: Although the scorpions of each region were mostly placed together in the phylogeny tree, no major genetic diversity related to regional differences was observed in the province. Based on the genetic distance of Hl4Ch from other sequences (12.5%), it is definitely an intraspecies variation.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_102162_95e80848eba4a29ef1d76311f8e7d2ee.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 In Vitro Study of Antitumor Activity of Alogliptin in Lung Cancer Cell Line (A549) 359 374 106041 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005823 EN Safa Alkhayyat Department of pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq Ahsan F. Bairam Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. Journal Article 2025 06 07 Background: Lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. However, many conventional treatments are associated with high toxicity and limited selectivity for cancer cells. This condition highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents with enhanced anticancer potential and reduced adverse effects on healthy tissues. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors have emerged as promising candidates for various malignancies, including colorectal, prostate, and renal cancers, due to their remarkable anticancer properties. Objectives: This study evaluated the cytotoxic and anticancer activity of alogliptin (Alo), a selective DPP4 inhibitor, against the human lung cancer A549 cell line and normal breast epithelial HBL100 cells, as monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin (Cis). Methods: Each type of cell (A549 cell and normal HBL100 cell) was divided into four groups: untreated control, Cis-treated, Alo-treated, and Cis+Alo-treated. After 72 hours of incubation, cell viability was assessed using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). This method is safe, more reproducible, and uses test cell viability and cytotoxicity endpoints. Following IC50-based treatment, apoptotic markers, including BCL2 and survivin expression levels, were evaluated. Results: MTT assay showed that both Cis and Alo significantly decreased A549 cell viability (P<0.0001). Alo therapy clearly increased inhibition of A549 cells compared with the control, but showed lower cytotoxicity toward normal HBL100 cells (cytotoxic only at higher concentrations), yielding results comparable to those of Cis. The combination of Cis and Alo demonstrated a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, with significant anticancer activity observed at higher concentrations. However, the combination of Alo and Cis did not significantly increase cytotoxicity against A549 cells compared with Cis alone. Furthermore, exposing A549 cells to Alo alone significantly decreased BCL2 levels compared with Cis alone (P<0.001). The results further showed that after treating A549 cells with an IC50 of Alo, there was a significant decrease in survivin levels (P<0.0001) compared with control cells. Conclusion: Alo, a DPP-4 inhibitor, demonstrated anticancer effects against A549 cells as evidenced by the MTT assay and by changes in BCL2 and survivin expression, indicating its potential anticancer activity against this cancer cell line. Although Alo exhibited dramatic pro-apoptotic activity, as indicated by reduced BCL2 and survivin levels, when combined with Cis, no clear synergism was observed.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106041_fb08966640822f9dc19bffae3038692d.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Antioxidant and Toxiciy Studies of Two Acaricidal Plants, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus 375 388 106045 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005671 EN Olubukola T. Adenubi Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Timothy Salihu Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. & Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (FMST), Victoria Island, Nigeria. Foluke A. Akande Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Oluwatodimu A. Adekoya Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Fakilahyel M. Mshelbwala Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Tahjudeen A. Afolabi Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Dominic O. Odulate Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, College of Environmental Resources Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. 0000-0001-5524-8327 Olushola E. Adeleye Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Johnny O. Olukunle Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States. Journal Article 2024 11 05 Background: The menace of acaricide resistance, which confronts animal owners with attendant losses, and the issue of safety with commercially available acaricides are enormous, hence the search for alternatives. Objectives: This study evaluated the safety profile of essential oils (EOs) of two acaricidal plants with proven efficacy against ticks. Methods: EOs from Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus were extracted by hydrodistillation, while acute, subacute oral, and dermal toxicities of the plants and their combination were evaluated in vivo using Wistar rats according to a procedure described by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Thereafter, blood samples were collected for complete blood counts, serum biochemistry, antioxidant properties, and reproductive hormonal profiles, and tissues were harvested for histopathology. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, with P≤0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The packed cell volume (PCV) for C. citratus (55±1.05%) and E. globulus (55.6±0.93%) was higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group (47.2±2.50%). Serum creatinine was significantly higher in all the test groups than in the control group (P<0.05). Progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly lower, while estrogen levels were higher in the test groups compared to the control. Histopathology revealed normal hepatocytes, with mild distension of Bowman’s capsule in the kidney at doses much higher than those required for acaricidal efficacy. Conclusion: C. citratus and E. globulus EO combination has the potential to be developed into an environmentally friendly botanical acaricide.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_106045_9d52b64d6d38b25747ce396e2d8bde14.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Molecular Detection of Leptospira Infection in the Iranian Dromedary Camel Population of South Kerman, Iran 389 394 101896 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005668 EN Reza Dorri Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Elham Mohammadi Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Mehdi Golchin Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Journal Article 2024 11 10 Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution. A wide variety of mammals, including camels, are affected by this disease. The most important complications of this disease comprise a severe drop in production, abortion, and kidney damage. The climatic conditions of southern Kerman Province in Iran, combined with the significant presence of camels, underscore the need for evaluating Leptospirosis in camels in this region. Objectives: This study aimed to detect the presence of Leptospira bacteria in the camel population of South Kerman Province, Iran, using molecular methods. Methods: For this purpose, 100 blood samples were taken from the jugular veins of seemingly healthy camels in the south of Kerman to perform molecular techniques. Then, the DNA from the samples was extracted using a DNA extraction kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions. In the following, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), technique using specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Leptospira interrogans was employed to detect Leptospira bacteria. Results: The DNA of the Leptospira bacterium was found in 5 out of 100 camel blood samples (5%) using the PCR molecular technique. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the Leptospira bacterium is present in the apparently healthy camel population in southern Kerman. Considering the ever-increasing use of camel meat and dairy products in humans, as well as the resulting economic losses in the country’s livestock industry, this finding can serve as a warning to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101896_642ebb4b00da9df2a60d958b76b26f00.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Thymol and Brain Tissue Oxidative Stress Responses Caused by Mercury Metal Poisoning in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 395 402 102960 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005859 EN Seyedeh Mohadeseh PourMortazavi Bahambari Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. HosseinAli Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Akram Vatannejad Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Aghil Sharifzadeh Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ali Taheri Mirghaed Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2025 07 29 Background: One of the most significant heavy metals that is not biodegradable is mercury. Fish exposed to mercury may experience adverse effects, including reduced brain tissue. Using herbal compounds or their active constituents is one of the best ways to lower the negative effects of heavy metals. The essential oils of plants like thyme contain thymol, a naturally occurring monoterpene. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of thymol on oxidative stress responses in the brain tissue of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following mercury exposure. Methods: The 120 common carp (C. carpio) used in this study were randomly divided into four groups: Control, HgCl2, thymol, and thymol+HgCl2. Each group had 10 fish and was reproduced three times. The fish spent 56 days in captivity. For the control group, the fish were kept in water devoid of mercury(II) chloride and fed a simple diet. Thymol and thymol+HgCl2 fish were fed food containing 100 mg/kg of thymol for 56 days. Fish in the thymol+HgCl2 and HgCl2 groups had 0.44 mg/L of mercury chloride in their tank water. A necropsy and removal of the fish’s brain tissue followed their euthanasia after 56 days. Brain tissues were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and homogenized in 0.9 M PBS (pH 7.4). The supernatant obtained after centrifugation was used to assess oxidative stress markers. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and catalase (CAT) activity in brain tissue were quantified using commercial colorimetric assays Results: TAC and CAT activity significantly increased in the thymol group (P<0.0001), while both were markedly reduced in the mercury group (P<0.0001). Thymol treatment restored TAC and CAT levels in mercury-exposed fish to near-control values (P<0.0001). MDA levels decreased in the thymol and mercury+thymol groups, but the changes were not statistically significant. These results highlight thymol’s antioxidant potential against mercury-induced stress. Conclusion: Thymol significantly enhanced antioxidant defenses in juvenile carp exposed to mercury by increasing TAC and CAT levels. It partially restored oxidative balance and reduced lipid peroxidation, though MDA levels did not differ significantly. These findings support thymol’s potential as a natural protective agent against heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_102960_37b012d9c7e758d72c908f79cd8a661b.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 2 2026 03 01 Effects of Panax ginseng Essential Oil on Immunological and Antioxidant Parameters and Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout 403 412 101899 10.32598/ijvm.20.2.1005676 EN Morteza Yousefi Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. 0000-0001-5352-8106 Olesya Anatolyevna Petrukhina Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. 0000-0002-9102-2891 Natalia Yurievna Rodionova Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. 0000-0002-9102-2891 Nadezhda Sachivkina Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. Arfenya Karamyan Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. Artyom Brigida All-Russian Research Institute of Integrated Fish Farming - a Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L. K. Ernst” (L. K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry), Vorovsky, Moscow, Russia. Hossein Adineh Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran. Journal Article 2024 11 09 Background: Disease outbreaks pose a significant threat to the aquaculture industry. The use of supplementary feeds is particularly popular among fish farmers to enhance the fish overall health and combat disease. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary ginseng, Panax ginseng, essential oil (GEO), on immunological and antioxidant parameters, as well as disease resistance, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Methods: Fish were fed diets containing 0 mL/kg (control; CTL), 0.5 mL/kg (GEO0.5), 1.0 mL/kg (GEO1), 1.5 mL/kg (GEO1.5), 2 mL/kg (GEO2), 2.5 mL/kg (GEO2.5), 3. mL/kg (GEO3), and 3.5 mL/kg (GEO3.5) GEO for 8 weeks, in triplicate. Then, they were experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Results: Results indicated that the GEO3 treatment demonstrated the highest levels of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while the lowest serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were recorded in the GEO2 and GEO2.5 groups. Furthermore, the GEO3 treatment resulted in the lowest serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), whereas the GEO2 treatment showed reduced serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Immunological assessments revealed that the GEO3 treatment had the highest serum and mucus lysozyme and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, along with elevated serum alternative complement, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and mucus protease activity. Blood respiratory burst activity and mucus ALP were also highest in the GEO2.5 and GEO3 treatments. Notably, the lowest post-infection mortality rate was observed in the GEO3 group. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it is recommended to include 2-3 mL/kg of GEO in trout feed to enhance fish health and disease resistance.

https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101899_3ef1e524a1d6890913d4b1fd84bbdadb.pdf