University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii, the Causative Agent of Q Fever on Cattle in the Slaughterhouses in Lampung Province, Indonesia 639 652 108675 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005870 EN Asyifa Gisya Alayina Animal Biomedicine Study Program, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. 0009-0004-0077-0782 Vetnizah Juniantito Division of Pathology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. 0000-0002-0456-0844 Agus Setiyono Division of Pathology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. 0000-0001-7023-6420 Journal Article 2025 08 08 Background: Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for Q fever, a neglected and rapidly rising zoonotic disease in Indonesia. Domestic ruminants serve as the main reservoir for human cases, and the disease has three forms of infection: Subclinical, acute, and chronic.Objectives: This study aims to investigate the presence of C. burnetii in meat cattle in Lampung Province, Indonesia, using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to identify the pathogenesis of Q Fever.Methods: Samples, including lung, heart, spleen, kidney, and liver, were collected from 100 Brahman cross cattle at slaughterhouses in Lampung Province. Subsequently, C. burnetii was detected using nested PCR. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to each positive organ sample to observe the morphology of the infection. Confirmation testing was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the antigen localization.Results: Nested PCR targeting the com1 gene identified C. burnetii DNA in the spleen and heart of 3% of subjects. Phylogenetic analysis showed complete sequence identity among positive samples and significant similarity to previously identified goat isolates from East Java. Histopathological examination of tissues from affected cattle revealed depletion of the white pulp, splenic congestion, and macrophage infiltration, indicative of chronic splenitis. Inflammatory changes in the heart valves suggested the occurrence of endocarditis. Additionally, IHC validated the detection of C. burnetii antigens in macrophages and vascular endothelial cells.Conclusion: This study provides preliminary molecular and pathological evidence of C. burnetii infection in cattle from Lampung Province, Indonesia. The results show the often-overlooked presence of the bacteria in the meat supply chain and underscore the need for proactive surveillance to mitigate potential occupational and public health risks. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_108675_45e2477c030516f9e8a0f8921cac6aa9.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Plasmid Profile and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-polymerase Chain Reaction Characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolates Recovered From Day-old Broilers 653 666 103103 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005789 EN Farzaneh Jeldi Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0006-0966-6708 Seyed Mostafa Peighambari Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-9166-1303 Jamshid Razmyar Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-1247-4591 Azam Yazdani Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0003-1930-4231 Fattaneh Naderinezhad Department of Avian Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0006-1474-4942 Journal Article 2025 04 28 Background: Salmonellosis is widely recognized as an epidemic disease with public health significance. Salmonella Enteritidis has the ability to cause infections in humans and various animals, such as poultry. It is considered one of the most important and common serovars isolated in different regions of the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize 100 S. Enteritidis isolates recovered from day-old broilers with respect to plasmid profile and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). Methods: All Salmonella isolates were recovered from cases referred to our laboratory. Standard bacteriological and molecular procedures were performed for the isolation and identification of S. Enteritidis. A commercial kit was used to extract the plasmids. Two primers, ERIC1R and ERIC2, were used for ERIC-PCR. Results: Six plasmid profiles were identified among 100 isolates, and a plasmid with a molecular weight of greater than 10 kb was observed in all isolates. In ERIC-PCR, seven different profiles were identified with each primer. Using the ERIC1R primer, 80% of the isolates belonged to profiles A, B, and G, and the rest were distributed among the other four profiles. Additionally, using the ERIC2 primer, 85% of the isolates belonged to three profiles: D, F, and G, and the rest were distributed among the other four profiles. When the results of plasmid profiles and ERIC-PCR analysis using two different primers were combined, 100 S. Enteritidis isolates were divided into 43 groups, with seven groups comprising 54% of the isolates. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that molecular techniques, such as ERIC-PCR and plasmid profile alone have limited power in differentiating between various isolates, and a combination of patterns obtained from multiple techniques will provide greater discriminatory power. This study presented genetic data related to S. Enteritidis isolates, which can be used for a broader epidemiological study at the national level. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103103_3b71ecfebcc554985c2b907a22ded1a1.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Rabies Prevention in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-sectional Study 667 678 107019 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005878 EN Thirumurugan E Department of Cardiac Care Technology, College of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0000-0003-4638-9050 Kalpana Devi V Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0000-0002-5391-8013 Senthil Kumar T Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0000-0003-2173-8154 Saritha S Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Sree Gokulam College of Allied Medical Sciences and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India. 0009-0004-1702-3089 Bharathi B Department of Microbiology, MMM College of Health Sciences, Chennai, India. Sahaya Merina Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Sree Gokulam College of Allied Medical Sciences and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India. 0009-0009-8548-3526 Karthick R Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0004-4090-0158 Vedasivasrudhi R Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0002-1586-5229 Haripriya K Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0006-9249-8281 Vikhash V Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0009-4154-8076 Snehapriya R Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0009-6595-0297 Surendar S Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0001-5356-194X Swetha A Faculty of Allied Health Science, ACS Medical College, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India. 0009-0001-4640-6853 Journal Article 2025 08 17 Background: Rabies constitutes a significant public health challenge in India, responsible for nearly one-third of global rabies-related fatalities each year. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that annually between 18,000 and 20,000 individuals in India succumb to rabies, with a significant proportion of these cases originating from dog bites in rural areas. Despite rabies being entirely preventable, it continues to contribute to considerable mortality rates due to limited public awareness, insufficient access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and deficiencies in vaccination coverage.Objectives: This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning rabies among individuals residing in Tamil Nadu. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Chennai, involving 973 participants aged 15 to 80. Utilizing a survey questionnaire adapted from established scholarly literature, the research assessed participants’ awareness of rabies, its epidemiology, and their understanding of first aid measures and vaccination protocols following animal bites. Results: A total of 633 participants (65.1%) had satisfactory knowledge of rabies, while 340 (34.9%) had unsatisfactory knowledge. Awareness of rabies, as a zoonotic disease, was high (92.4%), with 87.4% recognizing the rabies virus as the causative agent and 88.9% understanding transmission through bites and saliva. Regarding attitudes, 76.6% acknowledged the importance of completing post-exposure vaccination, and 64% opposed euthanizing biting animals. Of the participants, 38.3% owned pets, with 76.7% having vaccinated them. Among families reporting animal bites (29.5%), 67.6% sought medical care on the same day, 50.2% washed the wound, and 84.7% received post-exposure vaccination. Knowledge levels were significantly associated with gender (P<0.001), socioeconomic status (P=0.04), and residence (P=0.05).Conclusion: Despite a moderately high level of awareness, significant gaps exist in KAP related to rabies, particularly concerning first-aid measures and vaccination among vulnerable populations. To address these issues, practical recommendations include implementing targeted community education campaigns, enhancing the accessibility and affordability of both human and animal rabies vaccines, promoting responsible pet ownership and vaccination, and strengthening timely post-exposure treatment services. These interventions are essential for reducing the incidence of rabies and improving public health outcomes within the region. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_107019_d6c6304ce1a6856636bb639a09eec932.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Investigation of Some Prognostic Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases in Laboratory Mice Exposed to Polystyrene Microplastics 679 688 104837 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005766 EN Farahnaz Behnam Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0005-3535-8728 Jamile Salar-amoli Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2733-8442 Mohammad Taheri Rastegar Reference Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-9510-5125 Hojat Anbara Department of Comparative Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-3472-9460 Journal Article 2025 04 01 Background: Plastic pollution has emerged as a significant environmental hazard, with microplastics (MPs) posing potential risks to both human and animal health.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polystyrene MPs on the immune system, inflammation, autoantibody production, and autoimmune diseases, as well as changes in hematological and biochemical parameters in laboratory miceMethods: Twenty-four male NMRI mice (25-35 g) aged 16 weeks were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to 0.1 mL of polystyrene MPs (2 µm diameter, 1 mg/kg) via gavage for 40 and 60 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count (CBC), sedimentation rate, biochemical (aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, uric acid), and immunological (indirect immunofluorescence for autoantibodies) analyses.Results: Polystyrene MPs induced autoantibodies in serum at a dilution of 1:40 after 60 days. Mice developed microcytic hypochromic anemia after 40 and 60 days of exposure to polystyrene MPs. White blood cell (WBC) counts increased after 40 days but decreased after 60 days compared to the control group. Platelet counts increased significantly after 40 and 60 days. Sedimentation rates increased in exposed mice after 40 and 60 days.Conclusion: The findings suggest that exposure to polystyrene MPs for 60 days may induce autoimmune-like disease in mice. Changes in hematological parameters, as well as increased sedimentation in mice and positive autoantibody titers in mice exposed to MPs for 60 days, could be the result of inflammation or the development of an autoimmune-like disease. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_104837_a107e50527914816adc7897a5a83d54e.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Oxidative Stress Modifies the Activity of Cyclooxygenase2, a Target of Nimesulide, in Chickens 689 702 108676 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005738 EN Raghad Abbas Haseeb Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 0009-0003-3697-0965 Yaareb Jaafar Mousa Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 0000-0003-0004-097X Journal Article 2025 01 27 Background: Nowadays, there is a need to investigate the potential impact of oxidative stress (OS), particularly as it relates to drug response, to ensure it is warranted and applied in veterinary medicine.Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide-induced OS on the pharmacological efficacy of nimesulide (NIM) in chickens. Methods: We assessed the NIM median effective dose (ED50) using the up-and-down method, measured cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) activity via ELISA, and performed spectrophotometric analysis of NIM concentrations and its pharmacokinetics. Results: Stressed chickens showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) at the 7th, 10th, and 14th days of hydrogen peroxide treatment by 46, 58, and 22%, compared with the control group (tap water). The NIM antinociceptive efficacy increased due to a 31% reduction in ED50 in the stressed chickens. Consequently, there was a significant (P<0.05) inhibition in COX2 activity in both stressed and control chickens by 24 and 30%, respectively. The data also showed a significant (P<0.05) modification in NIM plasma concentration in the stressed chickens compared with the control group at different measurement times. Regarding the NIM pharmacokinetic parameters, OS caused an elevation of the AUC 0-∞, AUMC 0-∞, Cmax, MRT, t1/2β, and Vss by 11, 42, 11, 35, 46, and 39%, respectively, whereas Kel and Cl were decreased by 45 and 8%, respectively.Conclusion: These results showed that OS modifies the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of NIM, thereby modifying its pharmacological efficacy; thus, care and adjustment of the NIM dosage are warranted for its use in stressed animals. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_108676_c445a7836f683018ede7eee0dd71d87f.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Effects of Conditioning Methods on the Physical and Microbiological Quality of Broiler Pelleted Feeds 703 712 102374 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005782 EN Mohammad Rezaeian Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8137-5634 Mohammad Sadegh Moradi Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0007-8083-2577 Seyed Ahmad Madani Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-6498-2942 Journal Article 2025 04 13 Background: The physical and hygienic quality of pelleted feed can be affected by various factors, including temperature and retention time during the conditioning process.Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of producing pellets with conventional and super-conditioner methods at various temperatures and retention times on pellet quality in term of microbial and physical parameters and the recovery rate of phytase. Methods: Eight broiler diets were prepared, including mash feed, conventional pellets (COP), and 6 super-conditioner pellets (SUP), processed at 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C for 3 and 6 minutes. The total counts of aerobic bacteria and fungi, the pellet durability index (PDI), hardness, and the recovery rate of the included phytase were then compared among the treatments.Results: Compared to the mash feed, the total number of viable bacteria in the COP and SUP treatments decreased as the temperature and retention times increased. The fungal population was significantly lower in the pellet treatments than in the mash feed; furthermore, the SUP treatments exhibited a lower fungal count than the COP treatment. The PDI were higher (P≤0.05) in the SUP80 and SUP90 treatments than in the COP and SUP70 treatments. Pellet hardness was also higher (P≤0.05) in the SUP90 treatments than the other pellet treatments. However, phytase activity in the pelleted feeds significantly decreased compared with the mash feed. Conclusion: The results indicate that an increase in the conditioner temperature may improve feed quality parameters; a conditioner temperature of 80 °C is recommended for optimal broiler chicken pellet production when using the super-conditioner method. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_102374_add1aa9002ea1355887fdb51b5b44cd7.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 The Role of Melatonin in Thyroid Function in Adult Rats 713 720 107032 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005983 EN Muna Hasan Yousif Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0002-0742-598X Jawad Kadhim Arrak College of Pharmacy, University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0003-1147-6058 Sadiq Jaffer Ramadhan Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0003-2269-3939 Sahib M. H. Mohammadbakir Dentistry College, Albayan University, Baghdad, Iraq. 0000-0002-2891-7553 Journal Article 2025 12 08 Background: The thyroid gland, a vital endocrine organ, the thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes hormones, such as triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin. The pineal gland produces and releases melatonin, which is stimulated in the dark and suppressed in the presence of light. Objectives: This study aimed to assess how melatonin influences adult male rats’ thyroid performance.Methods: Eighteen adults male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) (approximately 12-14 weeks old and weighing 220±10 g) were randomly divided into three groups, each containing six rats, and were treated for 30 days as follows: The control group (A) received distilled water (DW). The A1 group received 10 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) of melatonin orally daily, and the A2 group received 20 mg/kg B.W. of melatonin orally daily for 30 days. At the end of the study, blood was drawn by cardiac puncture, and serum was collected to assess thyroid hormone levels: T3, T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).Results: T3 levels increased dramatically in the A2 group, whereas T4 and TSH levels remained constant. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in TAC in the A1 groups compared with the control and A2-treated groups. The histological section of the thyroid glands revealed the normal histological structure of the thyroid in the A1 group compared to the A2 group. Besides, the figures of the thyroid gland in the A2 group showed severe vascular degeneration and necrosis of thyroid follicles. Conclusion: Treatment with melatonin at higher doses may influence thyroid hormone regulation, highlighting its potential physiological effects, while melatonin at a dose of 10 mg/kg plays a key role in regulating thyroid functions and enhancing antioxidant status. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_107032_459c4b6a5decf2af33c4a4584b248006.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Molecular and Histopathological Identification of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Aborted Fetuses From a Vaccinated Herd Around Tehran Province 721 726 101906 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005720 EN Mona Hamedi Department of Immunopathology, SR.C., Tehran, Iran. 0009-0006-5786-1700 Shayan Mofidi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, SR.C., Tehran, Iran. 0009-0009-3223-9618 Amir Mohammad Fallah Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, SR.C., Tehran, Iran. 0009-0004-6776-8767 Saber Vahedi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, SR.C., Tehran, Iran. 0009-0002-8893-5689 Journal Article 2025 01 26 Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important economic diseases affecting many livestock-producing countries. The disease can lead to embryo resorption, abortion, and the birth of weak calves. BVDV control strategies include vaccination and implementation of effective biosecurity. Objectives: The current research with the aim of highlighting the biosecurity principles, investigated the presence of the virus in cases of abortion in a vaccinated dairy herd using molecular and histopathological methods.Methods: A total of 23 swab samples from abortion secretions, 7 aborted fetuses, and parenchymatous tissues from 2 slaughtered calves with neurological symptoms were sent to the laboratory for the detection of BVDV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR and histopathological examination.Results: Four aborted fetuses (57.14%) and 15 swab samples (65.22%) were detected as positive for BVDV by the molecular test. The two slaughtered calves with neurological symptoms, including exophthalmos, ataxia and hydranencephaly were both BVDV positive. The positive samples in the molecular test, showed mild to severe changes related to BVDV infection except for the heart samples. The specific findings included lymphoid tissue depletion in the spleen, multifocal gliosis in the cerebrum, vesicular degeneration in the hepatocytes, multifocal purulent interstitial nephritis, interstitial pneumonia, and multifocal necrotic cryptitis in the histopathological examination.Conclusion: The results of the present research indicate that vaccination alone is not enough to control BVD and strict adherence to biosecurity protocols is as important as vaccination in the prevention and control of the disease. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_101906_48f9755b3836822abe14efdd1d2a90d5.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Epidemiological Study of Toxoplasma infection in Humans and Sheep Using Molecular, Serological, and Traditional Techniques in Central Iraq 727 738 104584 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005865 EN Haleem Hamza Hussain Al- Zubaidei Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq. 0000-0002-4282-5882 Noora Dhyaaldain Abed Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq. 0009-0000-7075-1633 Harith Baara Hassan Diyala Education Directorate, Diyala, Iraq. 0009-0001-9692-1458 Journal Article 2025 08 02 Background: The parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is the cause of serious diseases known as toxoplasmosis. All warm-blooded vertebrate animals are susceptible to infection. Despite its significance, recent data on the prevalence and genetic diversity of T. gondii in human and sheep populations in central Iraq are limited.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans and sheep in Diyala and Baghdad provinces, Iraq, using serological and molecular techniques, and to genetically characterize circulating strains based on the regenerating gene (Reg). Methods: The one hundred placentas of sheep in Diyala and Baghdad (50 samples from each province) were examined. An infected sheep placenta sample was digested with the pepsin enzyme. This was intended for performing the dyeing process with Giemsa stain and extracting the genomic DNA, using the tissue genomic DNA isolation kit (buffy coat) of seropositive individuals with Geneaid, Bioteccorp, Taiwan. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification targeted a 529 bp fragment of the REGs gene in T. gondii. Human serum samples were collected from 100 human blood samples (male and female) from Diyala and Baghdad (50/50). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results were recorded according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The study period was from September 2024 to April 2025. Results: The overall infection rate in sheep was 25% (25/100), with a higher rate in Diyala (30.3%) than in Baghdad (20%). In ewes, the highest prevalence (43.33%) was observed at 4 years of age. ELISA testing of human sera (n=100) revealed an overall seroprevalence of 23.91%. The rate was significantly higher in Diyala (30.95%) than in Baghdad (18%), and higher in females (40%) than in males (4.76%). The highest infection rate (33.33%) was found in the 25-35-year age group. “Phylogenetic analysis of the Reg sequences showed that Iraqi isolates clustered most closely with strains from Iraq, Indonesia, China, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Chile, Myanmar, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and India. Phylogenetic analysis of the evolutionary distribution of REGs in 20 local isolates detected in Diyala and Baghdad (the middle of Iraq), with 36 global isolates of T. gondii deposited in GenBank, indicated a diverse evolutionary lineage.Conclusion: This study confirms that toxoplasmosis remains a highly endemic zoonosis in central Iraq, with a significant prevalence in both sheep and human populations. The high genetic diversity of T. gondii strains and the identified risk factors (location, gender, and age) highlight the need for targeted public health and veterinary control measures. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_104584_581842d839492d968934fc66418c240f.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Effects of Lysophospholipids on Blood Parameters and Antioxidant Activity in Holstein Calves With a Diet Containing Saturated Fatty Acids 739 750 108677 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005718 EN Movahed Poormirza Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0009-0006-1863-0045 Farzad Mirzaei AghjehGheshlagh Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-5301-5025 Ali Assadi-Alamouti Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Aburaihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran. 0000-0003-2867-9521 Bahman Navidshad Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-7102-9615 Journal Article 2025 01 07 Background: The digestive development of suckling calves poses significant challenges, primarily due to their limited ability to produce specific digestive enzymes, which hampers nutrient digestion and lipid absorption. Although fat digestion begins in the mouth, most fat hydrolysis occurs in the small intestine, where the action of pancreatic lipases and bile salts is crucial. Incorporating dietary emulsifiers, particularly lysophospholipids, can enhance fat digestion and absorption by promoting micelle formation and improving nutrient uptake.Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of lysophospholipids on growth performance and blood parameters in Holstein calves with a diet containing saturated fatty acids.Methods: A total of 48 calves (24 males and 24 females) with an age range of 3±1 days and an average birth weight of 39.4±4 kg were selected in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 12 replications for 80 days. The experimental treatments were: 1) Basic diet without additives, 2) Basic diet with 3% saturated fatty acid-rich fat, 3) Basic diet with 2 g of lysophospholipid daily, and 4) Basic diet with 2 g of lysophospholipid daily + 3% saturated fatty acid-rich fat. Lysophospholipids were added to the milk from days 6 to 40 and to the starter from days 41–80.Results: The experimental treatments had no effect on metabolizable energy (ME) intake of the calves, nor did they significantly influence the final body weight. However, the ME/gain ratio was significantly affected by the treatments (P<0.05), with the groups receiving 3% fat showing the lowest ratio compared to the other experimental groups. Blood parameters, including glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea, albumin, total protein, and beta-hydroxybutyrate, showed no significant alterations on days 5, 40, and 80. Furthermore, the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Although fecal consistency was not impacted from 1 to 5 days, from 6 to 40 days, and 41 to 80 days, significant differences were found over the entire rearing period, with calves receiving lysophospholipid demonstrating better fecal consistency compared to the control group.Conclusion: In conclusion, energy intake, final body weight, and blood parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. However, calves on the 3% fat diet had the lowest ME/gain ratio. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of lysophospholipids on gut health, enzyme activity, and microbiota composition, and also evaluate different dosages and application periods to optimize their efficacy in calf nutrition. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_108677_19bc86ae1c2aa18d8451fbe3c2afc2de.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Ecto and Endo Parasites and Their Impact on Hematological Parameters in Domestic Pigeons of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan 751 760 103101 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005778 EN Asfand Yar Khan Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. 0000-0002-8413-4588 Mustofa Helmi Effendi Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. 0000-0001-9727-411X Muhammad Muneeb Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan 0009-0002-4574-0419 Muhammad Zeeshan Shabbir Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 0009-0007-7596-8349 Muhammad Ishtiaq Livestock and Dairy Development, Department Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 0009-0006-6922-7846 Iqra Naeem Livestock and Dairy Development, Department Balochistan, Pakistan 0009-0003-7922-1198 Umer Farooq Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan 0009-0006-4416-4009 Muhammad Faheem Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. 0009-0003-9808-1039 Journal Article 2025 03 27 Background: Parasitic infestations are a significant concern in avian species, particularly pigeons, as they serve as hosts for various ectoparasites and endoparasites, impacting their health and productivity. Limited data is available on the prevalence and impact of these parasites in the district of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ectoparasites and helminths in domestic pigeons and assess their effects on hematological parameters.Methods: A total of 150 clinically infected pigeons were examined. Ante-mortem examinations involved visual inspection of the head, neck, wings, body surface, feathers, and cloaca for ectoparasites using a magnifying lens. Endoparasites were identified through hemoparasite screening, coproscopy, and post-mortem examination of the gastrointestinal tract. Hematological parameters, including red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and white blood cells (WBCs), were measured and compared between infected and healthy pigeons.Results: The overall prevalence of ectoparasites was 90%, with Columbicola spp. (80.6%), Lipeurus spp. (59.3%), Menopon spp. (42%), and Goniodes spp. (32.6%) being predominant. Endoparasite prevalence was 75.3%, including Ascaridia spp. (41.3%), Raillietina spp. (38.6%), and Cotugnia spp. (10%). Female pigeons exhibited higher ectoparasite (87.6%) and endoparasite (60%) prevalence than males. Hematological analysis revealed significantly lower RBC counts, Hb levels, and PCV values (P<0.05) and higher WBC counts (P<0.05) in infected pigeons compared to healthy ones. Conclusion: The high prevalence of Columbicola columbae (80.6%) among ectoparasites and Ascaridia spp. (41.3%) among helminths indicates a significant parasitic burden in domestic pigeons in Dera Ismail Khan. These infestations were associated with marked hematological changes, including significantly reduced RBC count (1.8×10⁶/mL), Hb levels (7.55 g/dL), and PCV values (21.01%), alongside increased WBC count (24.03/mL). These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective parasitic control strategies to safeguard pigeon health and productivity. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103101_f7538b066f2d962b4d543e454d3f741b.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Distributional Notes, Venom Characteristics, and Antivenom Neutralization Potency of Bungarus sindanus Recently Described From Southeastern Iran 761 770 100894 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005719 EN Nasser Mohammadpour Dounighi Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Kraj, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0000-0001-6684-5004 Abbas Zare Mirakabadi Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Kraj, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0000-0003-3354-1543 Hadi Rabiei Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Kraj, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0009-0006-4483-1617 Ali Salemi Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Kraj, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0000-0001-5121-1770 Mehdi Kheirollahpour Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Kraj, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-8204-6517 Mohammad Ali Bayatzadeh Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Kraj, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-3838-6338 Hedieh Jafari Department of Venomous of Animal, Razi Vaccines and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0002-2236-7132 Journal Article 2025 01 13 Background: Snakebite envenomation affects millions of people worldwide annually, resulting in significant mortality. Based on climatic and geographical conditions, Iran has a wide fauna and distribution of various snake species. Objectives: Due to changing climatic conditions, displacement of some snake species, and reports of snakebites with symptoms different from those known in Iran, this research was conducted to identify this species in the southeastern region of the Sistan and Baluchistan Province.Methods: New snake species were collected from these areas after morphological characterization and venom milking. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profile, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatography of venom, determination of toxicity, and cross-neutralization with the Razi Hexavalent snake antivenom (RHAV) were investigated.Results: Based on morphological characteristics, the samples were identified as kraits of the Bungarus sindanus (Boulenger, 1897). The SDS-PAGE profiles of B. sindanus venom showed multiple bands at 30 kDa and 60–97 kDa. The median intravenous lethal dose (LD50) of B. sindanus was 0.2 µg/mouse (0.01 µg/g). In vivo cross-neutralization tests did not show an adequate effect of commercial antivenom on the venom’s clinical performance. Conclusion: The present study is the first report of a new distribution, bite report, and toxicological and cross-neutralization of B. sindanus in southeast Iran, addressing a critical public health concern by examining the emergence of previously unidentified snake species in Iran. The outcomes of this study may have significant implications for understanding the impact of climate change on snake distribution and venom composition, ultimately improving preparedness for snakebite treatment in affected areas. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_100894_eea39bab024382528d4d9ee6a1910fe3.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Stress Alters Hematologic Indices in Pregnant Wistar Rats and Their Offspring: Pathologic Processes and Health Implications 771 782 108678 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005769 EN Bartholomew Chukwuebuka Nwogueze Department of Physiology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. 0000-0001-9529-1143 Mary Isioma Ofili Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Tochukwu Nnamdi Nnama Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Ufuoma Jemima Mukoro Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Alphonsus Okafor Mbah Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Journal Article 2025 03 17 Background: Pregnancy is accompanied by substantial physiological and hematological adaptations that may be influenced by maternal stress. However, the hematological responses to varying types and intensities of stress during pregnancy, as well as the extent to which these maternal changes are reflected in the offspring, remain poorly understood.Objectives: This study examined stress-induced alterations in hematologic indices in pregnant female Wistar rats and their offspring to unravel the pathological process involved in hematologic diseases.Methods: Sixty (60) healthy female rats between 12 and 14 weeks old, weighing between 160 and 200 grams, were used for phase 1. At the end of each week, following exposure to the different stress model, the rats were euthanized and bled in the first, second, and third weeks, respectively, to estimate total white blood cell (TWBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet counts, packed cell volume (PCV), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. For the phase 2 of the experiment, twelve offspring were used, six from the control group of stressed parents and six from the intruder-stressed parents. Blood samples were collected from offspring of stressed parents 4 weeks after gestation to estimate hematologic indices. The study adopted restraint chamber, mirror chamber, and resident intruder stress models for stress induction.Results: The different stressors studied caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in TWBC and RBC counts, while PCV, Hb concentration and platelet counts increased. Apart from the TWBC count, where the value increased significantly (P<0.05), exposure to intruder stressor decreased PCV values and RBC and platelet counts. The mean values of the hematologic indices of the offspring of parents exposed to intruder stressor increased; however, the increase was significant (P<0.05) only with respect to PCV, Hb concentration, and platelet counts. Perhaps, in terms of the degree of intensity of the stressors, intruder stressors induced the highest intensity of stress in rats compared to the other stressors. The restraint stressor was the next, followed by mirror stressors. Conclusion: In conclusion, the effect of stress on hematologic indices varies during different trimesters of pregnancy and this dependent on the nature, intensity, and duration of the stressor applied. However, the effects of stress during pregnancy on the blood parameters of pregnant mothers cannot be transmitted to their infants, especially in the case of the intruder stressor studied. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_108678_008bf13a8f7be64451ccbe21fb672c96.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Dynamic Changes in Infectious Bronchitis H120 Vaccine Virus Load Evaluated by Quantitative Real-time Reverse Transcription–polymerase Chain Reaction 783 792 103100 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005772 EN Najmeh Motamed Department of Poultry Vaccine research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-1658-1033 Mohsen Bashashati Department of Poultry diseases research and diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-1174-4761 Suyunov Rashid Uktamovich Department of Veterinary Sanitary expertise, Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Livestock and biotechnologies, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 0009-0006-5093-222X Journal Article 2025 04 07 Background: Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious and important respiratory disease that causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. So far, several serotypes and genotypes of IB virus (IBV) have been identified, posing challenges to disease prevention and control. Vaccination is the most effective method for controlling the virus. The live attenuated H120 vaccine is one of the common vaccines used in the country against this disease. Today, the determination of the 50% infectious dose in SPF embryonated eggs (EID50%) is used to quantitatively evaluate and determine the titer of the virus for vaccine formulation against IB.Objectives: This study was conducted to establish a rapid and sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for quantitatively evaluating changes in virus titer and the rate of virus replication in embryonated eggs. Methods: The assay was developed using a universal primer probe set, and the viral load was assessed at 12-hour intervals, beginning immediately after inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) with the H120 vaccine virus and continuing up to 60 hours postinoculation. Harvested allantoic fluids were investigated using the classical EID50 method and a molecular assay. Results: Viral load dynamics were comparable between the two methods. The lowest titer was observed at 12 hours, and the highest load was detected at 24 and 36 hpi (h post-infection).Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate promising potential for using a molecular method instead of the classical chicken embryo infectious dose 50% (EID50) method, which is expensive and time-consuming and has high variability. Nevertheless real-time PCR has not been approved for vaccine production. It is suggested that this method be applied as an in-process control test to reduce the time and expenses associated with manufacturing the H120 IB vaccine while ensuring accurate and precise analysis. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103100_7af1e39be84b88bc27ef07e053e397ad.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Raw Milk at Erbil Governorate, Iraq: Using Four Detection Methods 793 802 102353 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005752 EN Mohammad Ali Zarei Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. 0000-0001-8207-1344 Baze Ahmed Mohammed Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. 0009-0009-3172-1074 Dhary Alewy Almashhadany Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq. 0000-0003-4346-6532 Journal Article 2025 02 14 Background: Massive animal production has been aided by medicinal products, especially antibiotics. Unfortunately, remnants of such drugs remain in animals’ tissues or are eliminated in their milk or eggs. Objectives: This study aimed to highlight the hazards of antibiotic residues in milk and to assess the frequency rate of these residues in the milk of cows, sheep, and goats.Methods: One hundred fifty samples (50 for each cow, sheep, and goats) were collected randomly from different farms and retail outlets in Erbil Governorate, from April 1 to June 30, 2024. The residues were detected using disc diffusion assay (DDA), well diffusion assay (WDA), Delvotest, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: The frequency of residues according to DDA, WDA, and Delvotest were as follow: 12%, 14%, 14% in cow milk; 10%, 14%, 14% in sheep milk; and 10%, 12%, 16% in goat milk, respectively. ELISA results showed that 29 samples of cow milk, 20 sheep milk, and 30 goat milk samples contained beta-lactam antibiotics. The antibiotic residues in milk samples from urban areas were higher (11.6% and 14.5%) than those from rural areas (9.9% and 12.3%). Temporal variations showed the highest antibiotic residue level in April (20.9%) and the lowest (8.9%) in June.Conclusion: The frequency rate of antibiotic residues in cow, sheep, and goat milk samples collected from Erbil Governorate is high. It is crucial to promote awareness in the society concerning hazards of antibiotic residues in milk on public health. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_102353_1b62faff18a25d908c1bf2924a8319ae.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Effects of Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Peppermint Nanoemulsion in Gum Coatings on Eggshell Quality 803 820 108679 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005982 EN Masoud Ramezanipour-Laskokalayeh Department of Veterinary Hygiene, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0005-1447-1174 Maryam Ataee Department of Veterinary Hygiene, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3136-3325 Mohammadreza Khani Department of Food Science and Technology and Food Hygiene, ShQ.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e Qods, Iran 0000-0001-7365-8127 Seyed Amirali Anvar Department of Veterinary Hygiene, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6204-5621 Reza Haji-Seyed-Mohammad-Shirazi Department of Natural Resources and Environment, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1903-6949 Journal Article 2025 11 29 Background: Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) efficiently inactivates bacteria on the egg surface, but it may damage the eggshell’s cuticle. A protective coating applied after disinfection can prevent moisture and carbon dioxide loss.Objectives: This study examined the efficacy of SAEW (30 mg/L chlorine), peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion (PME-NE) (25 mg/mL), and tragacanth and zedo gums (1% each) alone and in combination, in enhancing antimicrobial, sensory, and structural qualities of eggshells stored for 1, 28, and 56 days at 25 °C.Methods: The eggs were initially subjected to treatment with SAEW and later coated using solutions of the nanoemulsion and gum. The different analyses performed included minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, agar disc diffusion assay, microbiological counts, scanning electron microscopy, and sensory evaluation.Results: Eggs treated with SAEW, followed by coating with tragacanth and zedo gums combined with peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion, resulted in the lowest counts of total viable microorganisms (5.39 log CFU/g), Salmonella enteritidis (4.41 log CFU/g), and Staphylococcus aureus (5.03 log CFU/g) on day 56. Microbial load showed an increasing trend over time (P≤0.05). Sensory evaluation revealed the highest scores for flavor, odor, color, texture, and overall acceptability of cooked eggs and raw egg odor. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that this treatment produced the thickest and most protective coating.Conclusion: Applying SAEW followed by coating with tragacanth and zedo gums combined with PME-NE is the most effective method to enhance antimicrobial, sensory, and structural quality of eggshells at 25 °C. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_108679_134b1fb87ca99c19572342d3a02a425f.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Efficacy of Withania somnifera Extract With and or Without Vitamin E on Testicular Dimensions and Semen Quality of Awassi Rams 821 830 107033 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005992 EN Hanan Waleed Kasim Agwaan Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 0000-0002-1206-0030 Journal Article 2025 12 14 Background: The structural health of the testes and semen quality in rams depend on their ability to withstand oxidative damage and nutritional imbalances. Although research has shown that Withania somnifera and vitamin E provide benefits, their specific effects on male reproductive health and their ability to reduce oxidative stress have not been determined. Objectives: This research examined the effects of an aqueous extract of W. somnifera administered with vitamin E supplements on testicular dimensions and semen characteristics in rams. Methods: The research included 24 clinically healthy rams that were ten months old and weighed 35±0.5 kg. The animals were divided into four groups of six each. The T1 animals received only the basal ration, the T2 animals received W. somnifera at 150 mg/kg body weight, and the T3 animals received vitamin E at 100 mg/kg body weight. The T4 animals received both agents simultaneously. The study lasted 12 weeks, during which the animals received their assigned treatments orally. The researchers measured testicular dimensions twice a week and collected semen samples to analyze volume, concentration, sperm motility, and morphology. Results: The T4 group, which received both supplements, demonstrated substantial improvements in sperm motility, ejaculate concentration, and testicular size (P≤0.05). The combined application of antioxidant and phytochemical compounds produced enhanced results, suggesting that these compounds interact with biological systems at the cellular or physiological levels. Conclusion: The combination of W. somnifera and vitamin E resulted in major improvements in testicular structure and semen quality, showing promise for enhancing reproduction in rams. The research shows that using botanical antioxidants together with micronutrient supplements is an effective method for improving fertility and reproductive outcomes in livestock. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_107033_1db2139696fe3faeb94bf4f4b9a5ac16.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Dose-dependent Modulation of Pentylenetetrazol-induced Seizure Activity by Histamine and Receptor Antagonists in Wistar Rats 831 838 103102 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005791 EN Yousef Panahi Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0002-9047-4992 Tannaz Haghgouei Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Emad Khalilzadeh Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Soodeh Tavakoli Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2025 04 28 Background: Epileptic activity often involves key brain structures, like the hippocampus and amygdala, while histamine plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability. Objectives: The primary objective of this research was to investigate how different doses of histamine influence seizure frequency and the potential therapeutic effects of histamine in conjunction with chlorpheniramine and ranitidine. Methods: Forty-eight Wistar rats (280–320 g) were divided into several groups, including control, histamine (2, 4, and 8 µg/kg), chlorpheniramine, ranitidine, and combinations of histamine with these drugs. The rats were anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (70–7 mg/kg), and precise injections of 0.5 µL of each drug were delivered into the amygdala using a Hamilton syringe. Brain activity was recorded before and after administering pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (80 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce seizures, followed by monitoring convulsive activity. Diazepam (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was then given to suppress the seizures. Results: Histamine significantly reduced seizure frequency in a dose-dependent manner, and chlorpheniramine and ranitidine exhibited similar effects, both alone and in combination with histamine. Notably, although seizure frequency varied among groups, the amplitude of convulsive activity remained unchanged. Conclusion: The findings provide deeper insight into the role of histamine in seizure modulation and suggest potential therapeutic implications for epilepsy treatment. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_103102_5d0ae5e4290287a4907a848ffa631080.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Microplastics in Different Tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss Reared in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems in Iran 839 846 104594 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005784 EN Sina Vahdatirad Department of Aquatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran. Ali Taheri Mirghaed Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5568-1390 Hosseinali Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9442-786X Seyed Saeed Mirzargar Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2706-1009 Mohammad Gholizadeh Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 22 Background: Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a growing research focus in aquatic environments, particularly within freshwater aquaculture systems in recent years. However, the presence and characteristics of MPs in Iran’s freshwater aquaculture systems remain unexplored. Objectives: To address this gap, this study aimed to quantify and characterize MPs in freshwater aquaculture systems across two regions: Mazandaran and Golestan provinces in Iran. Methods: Thirty samples of Oncorhynchus mykiss from each area were collected from a pool in the fall of 2024. MPs were extracted from the gastrointestinal tract, gills, and liver and analyzed for abundance, shape, size, and polymer type/compound. Their polymer compositions were determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results: The digestive tract had the highest abundance of MPs (26±11 particles/g) and the liver had the lowest abundance (2±0.2 particles/g). The average MPs observed in all tissues studied was 83.11±92.5 particles. The highest abundance was fiber MPs (92.96%) and the lowest abundance was fragments (7.04%). The 300-600 µm group had the highest abundance (31.37%), while the 3000-5000 µm group had the lowest abundance (5.88%). Black color had the highest abundance (54.9%) and pheasant color had the lowest abundance (1.96%). The polymer composition of MPs included polyethylene (PE; 57.14%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET; 23.81%), polypropylene (PP; 9.52%), and polyester (PS; 9.52%). Conclusion: All examined fish contained plastic particles, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. Common MPs were synthetic fibers from PE and PET. While plastic can bioconcentrate in tissues, it does not bioaccumulate significantly, indicating low biomagnification potential in rainbow trout. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) components contribute minimally to contamination. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_104594_f7239f0a48dd12af304f03d646a97267.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2251-8894 20 4 2026 07 01 Shelf-life Extension of Nile Tilapia Fillets Using Qodume Shirazi Nanocomposite Coating Enriched With Turmeric Essential Oil 847 858 105893 10.32598/ijvm.20.4.1005785 EN Ghazaleh Rahimi Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Sara Mehdizadeh Mood Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0000-0002-7096-1646 Ashkan Jebeli Javan Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0000-0002-1230-0866 Azadeh Salimi Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0000-0002-9005-8614 Journal Article 2025 04 20 Background: The growing demand for sustainable food preservation methods has led to the exploration of natural edible coatings aimed at extending the shelf life of perishable products. Objectives: Our study was carried out to develop an active coating incorporating antimicrobial agent to further enhance food safety and longevity.Methods: To investigate the effectiveness of an edible coating derived from Qodume Shirazi gum (Alyssum homolocarpum) infused with various concentrations of turmeric essential oil (TEO)—specifically 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (w/v)—on the shelf life of Nile tilapia fillets under refrigerated conditions (4±1 °C), chemical and microbial assessments were conducted on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Sensory evaluation was performed using the 5-point hedonic method. Results: The coatings at 1.5% and 2% significantly reduced microbial growth compared to the control samples, keeping total viable count (TVC) and total psychrotrophic count (TPC) within acceptable limits throughout the study period. Additionally, the treated fillets showed a slower increase in pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values than the untreated fillets. Sensory analysis confirmed these findings, with the 1.5% TEO coating receiving the highest scores for taste, appearance, and overall acceptability up to day 14. Notably, the shelf life of the coated tilapia was extended by approximately five days compared to the controls. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential of natural edible coatings in food preservation, especially for aquatic products that spoil quickly. Incorporating TEO not only boosts antimicrobial activity but also adds value through its health benefits. https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_105893_b6a9c87f9232d1b666ca857676a3a038.pdf