University of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Closantel toxicosis of sheep and goats in Fars provinceClosantel toxicosis of sheep and goats in Fars province1972110.22059/ijvm.2008.19721EN.MGhaneدانشگاه شیراز.KhBadieiدانشگاه شیراز.MHashemporدانشگاه شیرازJournal Article19700101Closantel is a halogenated salicylanilide with anthehelmintic activity in cattle and small ruminants. This drug binds strongly to plasma proteins in the blood, especially albumin and acts on parasites by interfering with synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolic degeneration of this drug mainly occurs in the liver and 80 percent is eliminated in faces and 0.5 percent in urine. Closantel is extensively used for annually deworming programs by farmers especially in sheep and goat flocks in Fars province and accidental poisoning may occur. Four reports of sheep and goat toxicosis with closantel in Fars province were described. One episode occurred in Lar region; a farmer used closantel for his small herd, five times higher than the recommended dose. Eleven, six month to two year-old goats were poisoned. One of them died and the remaining had clinical signs of depression, salivation, blindness, inappetance and ataxia one day after medication. The second episode was occurred after common deworming program in a large herd in Eghlid region. Out of 332 sheep in different ages, twelve, three to six month-old lambs were showed clinical signs of toxicosis including blindness, mydriasis, opisthotonus, nystagmus and wide stance. The third episode observed in three adult Najdi goats that were treated by closantel in two times higher than the recommended dose. Two days after medication, all goats were blind, ataxic and hyperesthetic. The last episode occurred in a small flock of sheep and goat treated by closantel in 1.5 times higher than the recommended dose. Two goats and one sheep showed blindness. These reports describe the iatrogenic poisoning of sheep and goat with closantel and present the clinical finding associated with this toxicosis. The importance of history taking in clinical diagnosis of the toxicosis in these reports is confirmed.Closantel is a halogenated salicylanilide with anthehelmintic activity in cattle and small ruminants. This drug binds strongly to plasma proteins in the blood, especially albumin and acts on parasites by interfering with synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by cellular oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolic degeneration of this drug mainly occurs in the liver and 80 percent is eliminated in faces and 0.5 percent in urine. Closantel is extensively used for annually deworming programs by farmers especially in sheep and goat flocks in Fars province and accidental poisoning may occur. Four reports of sheep and goat toxicosis with closantel in Fars province were described. One episode occurred in Lar region; a farmer used closantel for his small herd, five times higher than the recommended dose. Eleven, six month to two year-old goats were poisoned. One of them died and the remaining had clinical signs of depression, salivation, blindness, inappetance and ataxia one day after medication. The second episode was occurred after common deworming program in a large herd in Eghlid region. Out of 332 sheep in different ages, twelve, three to six month-old lambs were showed clinical signs of toxicosis including blindness, mydriasis, opisthotonus, nystagmus and wide stance. The third episode observed in three adult Najdi goats that were treated by closantel in two times higher than the recommended dose. Two days after medication, all goats were blind, ataxic and hyperesthetic. The last episode occurred in a small flock of sheep and goat treated by closantel in 1.5 times higher than the recommended dose. Two goats and one sheep showed blindness. These reports describe the iatrogenic poisoning of sheep and goat with closantel and present the clinical finding associated with this toxicosis. The importance of history taking in clinical diagnosis of the toxicosis in these reports is confirmed.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19721_e62b7a4f26dcc4b5efbe1fc4d75673e8.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Diuretic effect of Alhagi maurorum in GoatDiuretic effect of Alhagi maurorum in Goat1972210.22059/ijvm.2008.19722EN.MGhaneدانشگاه شیراز.KhBadieiدانشگاه شیراز.AHaji Mohammadiدانشگاه شیراز.ARMallahدانشگاه شیرازJournal Article19700101Nowadays, the medicinal plants, as endangered components of biodiversity, received special attention. They are important health and economic components of the flora in developed as well as in the developing countries. Alhagi maurorum (Syn. Alhagi camelorum and Alhagi pseudoalhagi) is a spiny plant with strong, stiff, abundant spines, belonging to Fabaceae family which locally known as Aqual. Traditionally, this plant is used for some disorders; the whole plant is diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and laxative. Oil from the leaves is used in the treatment of rheumatism. The flowers are used in the treatment of piles. Phytochemical studies on this plant have revealed the presence of unsaturated sterols, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, flavanone glycosides such as alhagitin and alhagidin and proanthocyanidins. To validate the medicinal properties of Alhagi maurorum, we investigated the diuretic effects of a distilled product of Alhagi maurorum in goat. Five female cross-bred goats were selected and clinical and paraclinical examinations were performed to assure good health status. Control samples of urine and serum were obtained after administration of distilled water at different doses (4, 8, 16 ml/kg) orally. Samples were obtained at 0, 60,120,180 minutes following distilled water administration. Distilled product of Alhagi was used at the same doses and samples of urine and serum were taken as before described for control samples. Results of oral distilled product of Alhagi showed that the level of urine specific gravity decreased. Also, It was shown that the level of pH have been decreased insignificantly. Concentration of Na and Cl is increased in urine following consumption of distilled product of Alhagi at doses (8, 16 ml/kg) (P < .05). These effects were marked at 180 and 120 minutes. Concentration of urine k and Ca is decreased in urine following oral consumption of distilled product of Alhagi at doses 8, 16 ml/kg (P < .05). Concentration of urine creatinine is decreased significantly (P < .05). Differences of biochemical indices were not significant in serum samples. According to the results, distilled product of Alhagi can be used as a diuretic drug at doses 8, 16 ml/kg in the goat.Nowadays, the medicinal plants, as endangered components of biodiversity, received special attention. They are important health and economic components of the flora in developed as well as in the developing countries. Alhagi maurorum (Syn. Alhagi camelorum and Alhagi pseudoalhagi) is a spiny plant with strong, stiff, abundant spines, belonging to Fabaceae family which locally known as Aqual. Traditionally, this plant is used for some disorders; the whole plant is diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and laxative. Oil from the leaves is used in the treatment of rheumatism. The flowers are used in the treatment of piles. Phytochemical studies on this plant have revealed the presence of unsaturated sterols, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, flavanone glycosides such as alhagitin and alhagidin and proanthocyanidins. To validate the medicinal properties of Alhagi maurorum, we investigated the diuretic effects of a distilled product of Alhagi maurorum in goat. Five female cross-bred goats were selected and clinical and paraclinical examinations were performed to assure good health status. Control samples of urine and serum were obtained after administration of distilled water at different doses (4, 8, 16 ml/kg) orally. Samples were obtained at 0, 60,120,180 minutes following distilled water administration. Distilled product of Alhagi was used at the same doses and samples of urine and serum were taken as before described for control samples. Results of oral distilled product of Alhagi showed that the level of urine specific gravity decreased. Also, It was shown that the level of pH have been decreased insignificantly. Concentration of Na and Cl is increased in urine following consumption of distilled product of Alhagi at doses (8, 16 ml/kg) (P < .05). These effects were marked at 180 and 120 minutes. Concentration of urine k and Ca is decreased in urine following oral consumption of distilled product of Alhagi at doses 8, 16 ml/kg (P < .05). Concentration of urine creatinine is decreased significantly (P < .05). Differences of biochemical indices were not significant in serum samples. According to the results, distilled product of Alhagi can be used as a diuretic drug at doses 8, 16 ml/kg in the goat.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19722_b58a93bc6cd349707a6f0528df6218b4.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Reports of zinc phosphide poisoning in sheep in Fars provinceReports of zinc phosphide poisoning in sheep in Fars province1972310.22059/ijvm.2008.19723EN.MGhaneدانشگاه شیراز.KhBadieiدانشگاه شیراز.KhMostaghniدانشگاه شیراز.AHaji Mohammadiدانشگاه شیرازJournal Article19700101Zinc phosphide is a rodenticide that has been used since the 1930s. Formulation and especially those found in over-the-counter preparations, contain 2 and 5 percent zinc phosphid mixed with wheat, oats. Sometimes in Fars province it is called \"Black Wheat\". Zinc phosphide rapidly forms phosphin gas in acidic conditions. The exact mechanism of action is not clear, but phosphin has been shown to block cytochorom oxidase and thus, oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited and energy-producing processes in mitochondria is blocked which results in cell death. These reports describe three episodes of zinc phosphide poisoning of sheep in different areas of Fars provice. In one episode farmer added zinc phosphide wheat-mixture to oat barn and it accidentally fed to sheep. Clinical signs and mortality was started immediately after feeding. Out of 215 adult sheep, 38 died and 16 showed clinical signs of poisoning. In another episode farmer used this poison for rodent control in a wheat farm. Sheep browsed on the residue of wheat straw. A number of sheep died and some showed clinical signs of toxicity one day after grazing. Out of 350 adult sheep, 62 sheep died and 31 sheep showed clinical signs. In the third episode three sheep’s carcasses and eight sick sheep with zinc phosphide poisoning signs were referred to Shiraz Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Clinical signs in three above reports included severe depression, tachypenea, expiratory grunt, salivation, epiphoria, ruminal tympany, ataxia, weakness, recumbancy and struggling. Necropsy finding included incomplete rigor mortis and putrefaction, phosphine gas odor from rumen, observation of black wheat in ruminal contents, hemorrhage and congestion of ruminal, omasal and abomasal walls, Liver and kidney congestion and lung edema and congestion. Treatments were instituted by fluid therapy, antacid (sodium bicarbonate) and laxatives (magnesium sulfate and paraffin) administration for standing animals. The extensive use of poison is a warning issue and it was concluded that history, clinical signs and necropsy findings are necessary for diagnosis.Zinc phosphide is a rodenticide that has been used since the 1930s. Formulation and especially those found in over-the-counter preparations, contain 2 and 5 percent zinc phosphid mixed with wheat, oats. Sometimes in Fars province it is called \"Black Wheat\". Zinc phosphide rapidly forms phosphin gas in acidic conditions. The exact mechanism of action is not clear, but phosphin has been shown to block cytochorom oxidase and thus, oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited and energy-producing processes in mitochondria is blocked which results in cell death. These reports describe three episodes of zinc phosphide poisoning of sheep in different areas of Fars provice. In one episode farmer added zinc phosphide wheat-mixture to oat barn and it accidentally fed to sheep. Clinical signs and mortality was started immediately after feeding. Out of 215 adult sheep, 38 died and 16 showed clinical signs of poisoning. In another episode farmer used this poison for rodent control in a wheat farm. Sheep browsed on the residue of wheat straw. A number of sheep died and some showed clinical signs of toxicity one day after grazing. Out of 350 adult sheep, 62 sheep died and 31 sheep showed clinical signs. In the third episode three sheep’s carcasses and eight sick sheep with zinc phosphide poisoning signs were referred to Shiraz Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Clinical signs in three above reports included severe depression, tachypenea, expiratory grunt, salivation, epiphoria, ruminal tympany, ataxia, weakness, recumbancy and struggling. Necropsy finding included incomplete rigor mortis and putrefaction, phosphine gas odor from rumen, observation of black wheat in ruminal contents, hemorrhage and congestion of ruminal, omasal and abomasal walls, Liver and kidney congestion and lung edema and congestion. Treatments were instituted by fluid therapy, antacid (sodium bicarbonate) and laxatives (magnesium sulfate and paraffin) administration for standing animals. The extensive use of poison is a warning issue and it was concluded that history, clinical signs and necropsy findings are necessary for diagnosis.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19723_f870a406c5047998e490112a55bbd01a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Study on the effect of Imatinib on the spermatogenesis and pituitary-gonad hormonal axis in male Wistar ratsStudy on the effect of Imatinib on the spermatogenesis and pituitary-gonad hormonal axis in male Wistar rats1972410.22059/ijvm.2008.19724EN.AGharibiJournal Article19700101Introduction:(pharmacology) Imatinib is a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative that functions as a specific inhibitor number of tyrosine kinase enzymes,Imatinib is designated chemically as 4-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-N-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-phenyl]benzamide metahanesulfonate, Its molecular formula is C29H31N7o, Imatinib mesylate is used in chronic myloid leukaemia (CML)and gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) and number of other malignancies;imatinib an related drugs may be useful in treating smallpox also being used in the treatment of certain brain tumors to include high grade glioblastoma. Although developed to inhibit selectively the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, Imatinib has been subsequently discovered to inhibit potently other tyrosine kinases, such as c-abl, c-kit and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFER), Broadly,side effects such as edema,nausea, rash and musculoskeletal pain are common but mild. Methods: Three groups of rats were gavaged with 400,600,800mg/kg imatinib for 30 consecutive days, controls remained intact. On day 7,14,30 after the end of treatment, blood serum concentration was measured with RIA method, sperm count of epidymis were taken place after the staining with equeous eosin Y, also sections of testes which were stained with H&E, were investigated histological. Results: Imatinib can be deleterious to spermatogenesis,the sperm count of epididymis decreased in these groups and less number of sperm,was observed in third experimental group.(P < 0.01)the thickness of tunica albuginea increased in third experimental group (p<0.05); reduced proliferation of type A spermatogonia and induced germ cell apoptosis and the length of the seminiferous cord was reduced ,whereas plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were significantly increased.Introduction:(pharmacology) Imatinib is a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative that functions as a specific inhibitor number of tyrosine kinase enzymes,Imatinib is designated chemically as 4-[(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-N-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-phenyl]benzamide metahanesulfonate, Its molecular formula is C29H31N7o, Imatinib mesylate is used in chronic myloid leukaemia (CML)and gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) and number of other malignancies;imatinib an related drugs may be useful in treating smallpox also being used in the treatment of certain brain tumors to include high grade glioblastoma. Although developed to inhibit selectively the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, Imatinib has been subsequently discovered to inhibit potently other tyrosine kinases, such as c-abl, c-kit and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFER), Broadly,side effects such as edema,nausea, rash and musculoskeletal pain are common but mild. Methods: Three groups of rats were gavaged with 400,600,800mg/kg imatinib for 30 consecutive days, controls remained intact. On day 7,14,30 after the end of treatment, blood serum concentration was measured with RIA method, sperm count of epidymis were taken place after the staining with equeous eosin Y, also sections of testes which were stained with H&E, were investigated histological. Results: Imatinib can be deleterious to spermatogenesis,the sperm count of epididymis decreased in these groups and less number of sperm,was observed in third experimental group.(P < 0.01)the thickness of tunica albuginea increased in third experimental group (p<0.05); reduced proliferation of type A spermatogonia and induced germ cell apoptosis and the length of the seminiferous cord was reduced ,whereas plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were significantly increased.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19724_e1a93646d170e24816404bf936e32462.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001The effect of verapamil hydrochloride on cardiac rhythm and frequency of arrhythmias in domestic donkeyThe effect of verapamil hydrochloride on cardiac rhythm and frequency of arrhythmias in domestic donkey1972510.22059/ijvm.2008.19725EN.ETorkiدانشگاه تهران.DNikaeinدانشگاه تهران.GAKojuriدانشگاه تهران.ZSRahimiدانشگاه تهران.HMansurدانشگاه تهران.ASharifzadehدانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker (CCB) that blocks long-lasting calcium channels, resulting in depression of cardiac and vascular function that depends on calcium influx. Verapamil inhibits calcium influx across the cell membrane of the SA and AV nodes. This study was conducted on 10 non-pregnant domestic female donkeys a base-apex lead was used for recording ECG for diagnosing arrhythmias. Sinus arrest (2cases), bradycardia (1case) and wandering pacemaker (1case) were diagnosed before the experiment. Verapamil was injected at the dosage of 0.3 mg/kgBW as an intravenous bolus over 2 minutes. ECG was taken during and at 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes after injection. Sinus tachycardia was observed in 8 cases during drug injection and limited to one case at 20 and 30 minutes after injection. Wandering pacemaker was seen in one case, 20 minutes after Verapamil injection and disappeared 50 minutes after injection. Bradycardia disappeared during drug injection and reappeared at the minute 10 and remained until the end of experiment. First degree AV block was observed in two cases at the time of drug injection and was observed in only one case 10 minutes after injection. Second degree AV block was recorded in one case at the time of Verapamil injection and was remained stable to the final stage.Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker (CCB) that blocks long-lasting calcium channels, resulting in depression of cardiac and vascular function that depends on calcium influx. Verapamil inhibits calcium influx across the cell membrane of the SA and AV nodes. This study was conducted on 10 non-pregnant domestic female donkeys a base-apex lead was used for recording ECG for diagnosing arrhythmias. Sinus arrest (2cases), bradycardia (1case) and wandering pacemaker (1case) were diagnosed before the experiment. Verapamil was injected at the dosage of 0.3 mg/kgBW as an intravenous bolus over 2 minutes. ECG was taken during and at 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes after injection. Sinus tachycardia was observed in 8 cases during drug injection and limited to one case at 20 and 30 minutes after injection. Wandering pacemaker was seen in one case, 20 minutes after Verapamil injection and disappeared 50 minutes after injection. Bradycardia disappeared during drug injection and reappeared at the minute 10 and remained until the end of experiment. First degree AV block was observed in two cases at the time of drug injection and was observed in only one case 10 minutes after injection. Second degree AV block was recorded in one case at the time of Verapamil injection and was remained stable to the final stage.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19725_d434feba33fb89a2e13779ef0fb75cc1.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Analgesic effect of caudal epidural ketamine in goatAnalgesic effect of caudal epidural ketamine in goat1972610.22059/ijvm.2008.19726EN.ABaniadamدانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.FSaberi Afsharدانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.HNajafzadehدانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.LDerakhshanدانشگاه شهید چمران اهوازJournal Article19700101Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic agent. It has proved to be an effective analgesic drug in human and some animals when given oral, intramuscularly, intravenously or by epidural route. This study was performed to clarify the analgesic effect of ketamine injected into the lumbosacral epidural space in goats. Eight native adult goats (4 male and 4 female) were randomly received 3 treatments at least 1 week interval: 4, 6 and 8 mg/kg of ketamine. Sedation and ataxia in animals and analgesia of tail, anus, perineum, femoral region, gluteal region, flank and external genitalia were assessed every 5 minute and heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal body temperature were assessed before ketamine administration and until 120 minute. The onset of tail relaxation was recorded as the first sign of anesthesia which was less than 1 minute in 6 and 8 mg of ketamine in 8 goats, but was noticed only in 6 goats in 4 mg/kg of ketamine and its mean was about 3 minutes. The tail, anus, perineum, lateral and medial area of femoral region, gluteal region, hindlimb were anesthetized in all animals after using 6 and 8 mg/kg of ketamine. The external genitalia including vulva and mammary gland in female goats and testis in male animals were also anesthetized. The analgesia of hindlimb and perineum were not obtained in all animals after using of 4 mg/kg ketamine. The duration of analgesia was significantly (P<0.05) increased according to the dosage of ketamine. The mean of duration of analgesia in perineum was about 14 minute for 4 mg/kg, 30 min for 6 mg/kg and 65 minute for 8 mg/kg of ketamine. All animals became recumbent in group 6 and 8 mg/kg. There were minimal effects on heart and respiratory rates and temperature. The present study showed that caudal epidural ketamine administration induced analgesia with some degree of sedation and sever ataxia and recumbency in goats. The duration of analgesia after 6 and 8 mg/kg of ketamine administration is long enough for common surgical procedure of perineum.Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic agent. It has proved to be an effective analgesic drug in human and some animals when given oral, intramuscularly, intravenously or by epidural route. This study was performed to clarify the analgesic effect of ketamine injected into the lumbosacral epidural space in goats. Eight native adult goats (4 male and 4 female) were randomly received 3 treatments at least 1 week interval: 4, 6 and 8 mg/kg of ketamine. Sedation and ataxia in animals and analgesia of tail, anus, perineum, femoral region, gluteal region, flank and external genitalia were assessed every 5 minute and heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal body temperature were assessed before ketamine administration and until 120 minute. The onset of tail relaxation was recorded as the first sign of anesthesia which was less than 1 minute in 6 and 8 mg of ketamine in 8 goats, but was noticed only in 6 goats in 4 mg/kg of ketamine and its mean was about 3 minutes. The tail, anus, perineum, lateral and medial area of femoral region, gluteal region, hindlimb were anesthetized in all animals after using 6 and 8 mg/kg of ketamine. The external genitalia including vulva and mammary gland in female goats and testis in male animals were also anesthetized. The analgesia of hindlimb and perineum were not obtained in all animals after using of 4 mg/kg ketamine. The duration of analgesia was significantly (P<0.05) increased according to the dosage of ketamine. The mean of duration of analgesia in perineum was about 14 minute for 4 mg/kg, 30 min for 6 mg/kg and 65 minute for 8 mg/kg of ketamine. All animals became recumbent in group 6 and 8 mg/kg. There were minimal effects on heart and respiratory rates and temperature. The present study showed that caudal epidural ketamine administration induced analgesia with some degree of sedation and sever ataxia and recumbency in goats. The duration of analgesia after 6 and 8 mg/kg of ketamine administration is long enough for common surgical procedure of perineum.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19726_51492832d12d38d60ec5d54d6148027f.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Herbal therapy by using plants with antioxidant activity for control of coccidiosis in broiler chickensHerbal therapy by using plants with antioxidant activity for control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens1972710.22059/ijvm.2008.19727EN.PSorkhdiniدانشگاه تهران.SMirzaiدانشگاه تهران.SDarvishiدانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Coccidiosis is regarded as the parasitic disease that has the greatest economic impact on poultry production specially in the case of broilers chickens. Chemotherapy for coccidiosis is very costly, for example, In the UK, it is estimated that coccidiosis costs the poultry industry in excess of £40 million annually. If the control of the coccidian parasite could be made more economical, these savings could be passed on to the consumer. In addition there are some concerns about the side effects of drug residues in poultry products in common preventive procedure with coccidiostatic agents, thus the use of plant products that function by mechanisms other than those of chemotherapeutics, with the additional advantage of a natural origin will be considerable. Antioxidant compounds could hold promise for the control of Eimeria infections due to the association of coccidial infection with lipid peroxidation of the intestinal mucosa. In a study Four plan t extracts with antioxidant activity were screened for their anticoccidial activity in vivo with toltrazuril as the positive control. Combretum woodii (160 mg/kg) proved to be extremely toxic to the birds, while treatment with Tulbaghia violacea (35 mg/kg), Vitis vinifera (75 mg/kg) and Artemisia afra (150 mg/kg) resulted in feed conversion ratios similar to toltrazuril, and higher than the untreated control. All the plant extracts showed adequate antioxidant activity, with toltrazuril being more effective than the plant extracts. T. violacea also significantly decreased the oocyst production in the birds. From this study we conclude that antioxidant-rich plant extracts have potential benefits in treating coccidial infections.Coccidiosis is regarded as the parasitic disease that has the greatest economic impact on poultry production specially in the case of broilers chickens. Chemotherapy for coccidiosis is very costly, for example, In the UK, it is estimated that coccidiosis costs the poultry industry in excess of £40 million annually. If the control of the coccidian parasite could be made more economical, these savings could be passed on to the consumer. In addition there are some concerns about the side effects of drug residues in poultry products in common preventive procedure with coccidiostatic agents, thus the use of plant products that function by mechanisms other than those of chemotherapeutics, with the additional advantage of a natural origin will be considerable. Antioxidant compounds could hold promise for the control of Eimeria infections due to the association of coccidial infection with lipid peroxidation of the intestinal mucosa. In a study Four plan t extracts with antioxidant activity were screened for their anticoccidial activity in vivo with toltrazuril as the positive control. Combretum woodii (160 mg/kg) proved to be extremely toxic to the birds, while treatment with Tulbaghia violacea (35 mg/kg), Vitis vinifera (75 mg/kg) and Artemisia afra (150 mg/kg) resulted in feed conversion ratios similar to toltrazuril, and higher than the untreated control. All the plant extracts showed adequate antioxidant activity, with toltrazuril being more effective than the plant extracts. T. violacea also significantly decreased the oocyst production in the birds. From this study we conclude that antioxidant-rich plant extracts have potential benefits in treating coccidial infections.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19727_fdac48b74cb7f7c6b6737255e73addf6.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Comparative study of bioavailability of closantel bolus and suspension dosage forms in sheepComparative study of bioavailability of closantel bolus and suspension dosage forms in sheep1972810.22059/ijvm.2008.19728EN.GhShamsدانشگاه تهران.HArabدانشگاه تهران.ARasouliدانشگاه تهران.MJahediدانشگاه تهران.YGhezelloدانشگاه تهران.JKaboutariدانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Bioavailability study is a scientific and practical method to evaluate and compare the quality of different pharmaceutical products. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from bioavailability study of suspension and bolus formulations of closantel in sheep. Twenty eight lambs, 6 to 8 months old weighing around 50 kg, were randomly divided into two groups. Each sheep in the first group received 500 mg bolus of closantel and in the second group received 10 mg/kg suspension of closantel. Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48 and 72 hours after administration of the drugs and then the concentration of closantel in plasma was measured by an HPLC method using fluorescence detector. To compare the bioavailability of two dosage forms, different pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax and AUC were calculated by Drug Kinetics software and then analyzed with t-student and F tests. Pharmacokinetic parameters for suspension were AUC = 2931±648.2, C max = 62.21±7.74, Tmax = 23.14±4.2 and for bolus they were AUC = 2049.1±421.2, C max = 56.38±14.28, Tmax = 22.93±1.83. While there was significant difference between AUC of closantel suspension and bolus formulations, we did not find significant differences between C max and Tmax of suspension and bolus dosage forms. It seems that two dosage forms of closantel may show different bioavailability in some animals such as sheep.Bioavailability study is a scientific and practical method to evaluate and compare the quality of different pharmaceutical products. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from bioavailability study of suspension and bolus formulations of closantel in sheep. Twenty eight lambs, 6 to 8 months old weighing around 50 kg, were randomly divided into two groups. Each sheep in the first group received 500 mg bolus of closantel and in the second group received 10 mg/kg suspension of closantel. Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48 and 72 hours after administration of the drugs and then the concentration of closantel in plasma was measured by an HPLC method using fluorescence detector. To compare the bioavailability of two dosage forms, different pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Tmax and AUC were calculated by Drug Kinetics software and then analyzed with t-student and F tests. Pharmacokinetic parameters for suspension were AUC = 2931±648.2, C max = 62.21±7.74, Tmax = 23.14±4.2 and for bolus they were AUC = 2049.1±421.2, C max = 56.38±14.28, Tmax = 22.93±1.83. While there was significant difference between AUC of closantel suspension and bolus formulations, we did not find significant differences between C max and Tmax of suspension and bolus dosage forms. It seems that two dosage forms of closantel may show different bioavailability in some animals such as sheep.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19728_fdbe03a142611883bf6748f086b9e1d0.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Antibacterial and antifungal effects of Fumitory oil on gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi in vitroAntibacterial and antifungal effects of Fumitory oil on gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi in vitro1972910.22059/ijvm.2008.19729EN.AOwnaghدانشگاه ارومیه.RMajdaniدانشگاه ارومیه.NYaghobzadehدانشگاه ارومیه.MNiaziدانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article19700101Essential oils are great sources of nature .Today they are used a lot in food industry. One of these essential oils is Fumitory oil. The effects of growth inhibition of Fumitory oil on gram positive bacteria(Staphylococcus areous and Bacillus cereous), gram negative bacteria(E.coli and Salmonella typhymorium) and fungi(Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus) were studied in invitro. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the zone of bacterial and fungal growth inhibition of the oil. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the oil was used as broth dilution method for bacteria and fungi .Minimal bacteriocidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oil were determined by agar surface culture method . Tetracyclin and nistatin were used as positive control and normal saline was used as negative control. Zone of inhibition in bacteria and fungi were not significant. In E.coli and Salmonella typhymorium, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was 62.5?li/ ml and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration(MFC) of the oil was 125 µml/lit.On Staphylococcus areous, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was 15.9?li/ ml and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration(MFC) of the oil was 62.9 µml/lit.The oil didn’t inhibited of fungi growth.The Fumitory oil was found to be bacteriostate and bacteriocide about some bacteria but it didn’t had any significant antifungal effect.Essential oils are great sources of nature .Today they are used a lot in food industry. One of these essential oils is Fumitory oil. The effects of growth inhibition of Fumitory oil on gram positive bacteria(Staphylococcus areous and Bacillus cereous), gram negative bacteria(E.coli and Salmonella typhymorium) and fungi(Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus) were studied in invitro. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the zone of bacterial and fungal growth inhibition of the oil. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the oil was used as broth dilution method for bacteria and fungi .Minimal bacteriocidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oil were determined by agar surface culture method . Tetracyclin and nistatin were used as positive control and normal saline was used as negative control. Zone of inhibition in bacteria and fungi were not significant. In E.coli and Salmonella typhymorium, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was 62.5?li/ ml and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration(MFC) of the oil was 125 µml/lit.On Staphylococcus areous, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was 15.9?li/ ml and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration(MFC) of the oil was 62.9 µml/lit.The oil didn’t inhibited of fungi growth.The Fumitory oil was found to be bacteriostate and bacteriocide about some bacteria but it didn’t had any significant antifungal effect.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19729_41dd7392c4410f1c38c71cf84e1120c7.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Effects of Echinacea purpurea on liver and kidney of rat and mouseEffects of Echinacea purpurea on liver and kidney of rat and mouse1973010.22059/ijvm.2008.19730EN.RGeramiدانشگاه شهرکرد.VFallahدانشگاه شهرکرد.SHabibianدانشگاه شهرکرد.HNouraniدانشگاه شهرکرد.AAbdiدانشگاه شهرکردJournal Article19700101Echinacea purpurea, commonly known as the purple coneflower, red sunflower and rudbeckia has been used for a number of years to treat the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions. However, there is little information about its effects on liver and kidney. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of this agent on hepatic enzymes activities and BUN in Rat and mouse. Moreover, its histopathologic effects on liver and kidney of these species were evaluated. For this purpose, 60 Rats and 60 mice were used. The animals of each species were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1 and 2 of each species were given 1% and 5% dried powdered Echinacea purpurea for 15 days, respectively. Groups 3 of rats and mice were used as controls groups. All animals were sacrificed on day 16 and blood samples were collected in test tubes. Moreover, samples of liver and kidney were collected in 10% formaline. All samples were analysed and the results were assessed statistically using ANOVA. The results of present study showed that Echinacea purpurea have no effect on hepatic enzymes activity and cause no histopathologic changes in liver and kidney. In conclusion, these results suggest that Echinacea purpurea has no toxic effects on liver and kidney of rats and mice.Echinacea purpurea, commonly known as the purple coneflower, red sunflower and rudbeckia has been used for a number of years to treat the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions. However, there is little information about its effects on liver and kidney. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of this agent on hepatic enzymes activities and BUN in Rat and mouse. Moreover, its histopathologic effects on liver and kidney of these species were evaluated. For this purpose, 60 Rats and 60 mice were used. The animals of each species were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1 and 2 of each species were given 1% and 5% dried powdered Echinacea purpurea for 15 days, respectively. Groups 3 of rats and mice were used as controls groups. All animals were sacrificed on day 16 and blood samples were collected in test tubes. Moreover, samples of liver and kidney were collected in 10% formaline. All samples were analysed and the results were assessed statistically using ANOVA. The results of present study showed that Echinacea purpurea have no effect on hepatic enzymes activity and cause no histopathologic changes in liver and kidney. In conclusion, these results suggest that Echinacea purpurea has no toxic effects on liver and kidney of rats and mice.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19730_cebace4451e36e33222e3896dbdac4e5.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Antibacterial and antifungal Activity of Iranian propolis Against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicansAntibacterial and antifungal Activity of Iranian propolis Against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans1973110.22059/ijvm.2008.19731EN.AOwnaghدانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article19700101Propolis samples from west North region of Iran were studied for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus ) and antifungal (against Candida albicans) activities. In this research, yield of extracts and their pH values were measured .Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ethanol –Extracted Propolis (EEP) were investigated by petri dish bioassay method. Dilutions of EEP in agar with serial concentrations ranging from 0.04- 10% (W-V) were prepaird and antimicrobial activities were determinnd .as minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) . all samples were active against the fungal and bacterial test stains. MIC values for different propolis samples against Staphylococcus aureus were , respectively 4,3 and 1.5%(w/v)and against Candida albicans were , respectively 2, 4 and 3%(w/v).Propolis samples from west North region of Iran were studied for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus ) and antifungal (against Candida albicans) activities. In this research, yield of extracts and their pH values were measured .Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ethanol –Extracted Propolis (EEP) were investigated by petri dish bioassay method. Dilutions of EEP in agar with serial concentrations ranging from 0.04- 10% (W-V) were prepaird and antimicrobial activities were determinnd .as minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) . all samples were active against the fungal and bacterial test stains. MIC values for different propolis samples against Staphylococcus aureus were , respectively 4,3 and 1.5%(w/v)and against Candida albicans were , respectively 2, 4 and 3%(w/v).https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19731_37275112068308a5382e8c7a82684b6e.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Hematological Effects of Echinacea purpurea in rat and mouseHematological Effects of Echinacea purpurea in rat and mouse1973210.22059/ijvm.2008.19732EN.VFallahدانشگاه شهرکرد.RGeramiدانشگاه شهرکرد.SHabibianدانشگاه شهرکرد.AMohebbiدانشگاه شهرکردJournal Article19700101Echinacea extracts are widely used in western countries as "immune-stimulating" agents. Even though the evidence to stimulate certain components of the nonspecific immune system (phagocytosis, macrophages, and production of cytokines) stems from in vitro experiments or studies after parenteral application, the commercially available Echinacea preparations used as drugs or supplements are for oral use. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of oral application of this herb on the blood picture in rat and mouse. For this purpose, 60 Rats and 60 mice were used. The animals of each species were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1 and 2 of each species were given 1% and 5% dried powdered Echinacea purpurea for 15 days, respectively. Groups 3 of rats and mice were used as controls groups. All animals were sacrificed on day 16 and blood samples were collected in test tubes. All samples were analysed and the results were assessed statistically using ANOVA. The results showed significant increases in the number of neutrophils and monocytes between test groups compared to control groups (P<0.05). There was no significant differences between test groups in any species (P<0.05). The significant elevation in populations of these two kind white blood cells, in normal animals, suggests a prophylactic role for this herb.Echinacea extracts are widely used in western countries as "immune-stimulating" agents. Even though the evidence to stimulate certain components of the nonspecific immune system (phagocytosis, macrophages, and production of cytokines) stems from in vitro experiments or studies after parenteral application, the commercially available Echinacea preparations used as drugs or supplements are for oral use. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of oral application of this herb on the blood picture in rat and mouse. For this purpose, 60 Rats and 60 mice were used. The animals of each species were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1 and 2 of each species were given 1% and 5% dried powdered Echinacea purpurea for 15 days, respectively. Groups 3 of rats and mice were used as controls groups. All animals were sacrificed on day 16 and blood samples were collected in test tubes. All samples were analysed and the results were assessed statistically using ANOVA. The results showed significant increases in the number of neutrophils and monocytes between test groups compared to control groups (P<0.05). There was no significant differences between test groups in any species (P<0.05). The significant elevation in populations of these two kind white blood cells, in normal animals, suggests a prophylactic role for this herb.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19732_a6814e8a3062ab89c981ff61d34135ff.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Antifungal effects of Thyme oil on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatesAntifungal effects of Thyme oil on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigates1973310.22059/ijvm.2008.19733EN.AOwnaghدانشگاه ارومیه.RMajdaniدانشگاه ارومیه.NYaghobzadehدانشگاه ارومیه.ZNematiدانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article19700101Spoilage and poisoning of foods by fungi is a major problem, especially in developing countries. Aspergillus is the most important fungi causing spoilage of foodstuffs. Candida albicans as a yeast is the most important problem in local and mucosal oppertunistic infections. The effects of growth inhibition of Thyme oil on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were studied in invitro . The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the zone of fungal growth inhibition. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the oil was used as broth dilution method and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oil was determined by agar surface culture method and compared with each other. The formaline was used as positive control and normal saline was used as negative control. Zone of inhibition of Thyme on Aspergillus fumigatus was 34mm and on Candida albicans was 35 mm. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Aspergillus fumigatus was 7 ?lit/ml and Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Candida albicans was 250 ?lit/ml. The Thyme oil was found to be strongly fungistatical agent against Candida Albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, were studied in invitro.Spoilage and poisoning of foods by fungi is a major problem, especially in developing countries. Aspergillus is the most important fungi causing spoilage of foodstuffs. Candida albicans as a yeast is the most important problem in local and mucosal oppertunistic infections. The effects of growth inhibition of Thyme oil on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were studied in invitro . The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the zone of fungal growth inhibition. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the oil was used as broth dilution method and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oil was determined by agar surface culture method and compared with each other. The formaline was used as positive control and normal saline was used as negative control. Zone of inhibition of Thyme on Aspergillus fumigatus was 34mm and on Candida albicans was 35 mm. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Aspergillus fumigatus was 7 ?lit/ml and Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Candida albicans was 250 ?lit/ml. The Thyme oil was found to be strongly fungistatical agent against Candida Albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, were studied in invitro.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19733_c70b2d0538ab8d199cf635de04e095f6.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Antihelminic Effects of Echinacea purpurea in ratAntihelminic Effects of Echinacea purpurea in rat1973410.22059/ijvm.2008.19734EN.VFallahدانشگاه شهرکرد.RGeramiدانشگاه شهرکرد.SHabibianدانشگاه شهرکرد.NAhmadiدانشگاه شهرکردJournal Article19700101Echinacea, also known as the purple coneflower, is an herbal medicine that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions. Although a body of literature exists about the effects of different part of this herb on immune system to author’s knowledge there is a few reports available about antihelminic effects of Echinacea purpurea. So, this study was carried out to evaluate the antihelminic effects of this herb in rat. In the present study, 60 Rats were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1 and 2 were given 1% and 5% dried powdered Echinacea purpurea for 15 days, respectively. Groups 3 were used as controls groups. Stool samples were collected on days 0 (before trial) and 16. The results showed significant reduction in the OPG between test groups compared to control group and between day 16 compared to day 0 (P<0.05). There was no significant differences between two test group (P>0.05). In conclusion, these results indicate that Echinacea purpurea has antihelminic effects in rat.Echinacea, also known as the purple coneflower, is an herbal medicine that has been used for centuries, customarily as a treatment for the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and some inflammatory conditions. Although a body of literature exists about the effects of different part of this herb on immune system to author’s knowledge there is a few reports available about antihelminic effects of Echinacea purpurea. So, this study was carried out to evaluate the antihelminic effects of this herb in rat. In the present study, 60 Rats were divided randomly into three groups. Group 1 and 2 were given 1% and 5% dried powdered Echinacea purpurea for 15 days, respectively. Groups 3 were used as controls groups. Stool samples were collected on days 0 (before trial) and 16. The results showed significant reduction in the OPG between test groups compared to control group and between day 16 compared to day 0 (P<0.05). There was no significant differences between two test group (P>0.05). In conclusion, these results indicate that Echinacea purpurea has antihelminic effects in rat.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19734_8875563bb5b0282798dec29371ed1739.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Addition of probiotic microorganisms to broiler diets on serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and performance in Broiler chickensAddition of probiotic microorganisms to broiler diets on serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and performance in Broiler chickens1973510.22059/ijvm.2008.19735EN.MGhaderi Juybariدانشگاه آزاد.MIraniدانشگاه آزاد.VRezaeipourدانشگا ه آزاد.KSaharkhiz Banforuziدانشگاه آزادJournal Article19700101In this experiment, effects of two phosphate solublizing bacteria as probiotic on serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride and performance factors were investigated. The experiment included 320 Ross broilers from 1 to 49 days of age. Birds were randomly allocated to 4 treatments, with 4 replicates of 20 birds. Treatments include T1.Negative Control (basal diet, with no added probiotic); T2 – Negative Control + Probiotic(in starter, grower and finisher); T3 – Negative Control + Probiotic(in grower and finisher) and T4 – Negative Control + Probiotic(in finisher).The results obtained in this experiment showed that the probiotic significantly increased body weight gain(P<0.05). Probiotic significantly improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). However, the probiotic supplementation did not affect on feed intake between treatments (P<0.05). In addition, results showed that probiotic caused significantly decrease on the serum cholesterol and triglyceride (P<0.05). Mean total cholesterol was significantly lower in the T2 fed group (P < 0.05) when compared to treatment without probiotic.In this experiment, effects of two phosphate solublizing bacteria as probiotic on serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride and performance factors were investigated. The experiment included 320 Ross broilers from 1 to 49 days of age. Birds were randomly allocated to 4 treatments, with 4 replicates of 20 birds. Treatments include T1.Negative Control (basal diet, with no added probiotic); T2 – Negative Control + Probiotic(in starter, grower and finisher); T3 – Negative Control + Probiotic(in grower and finisher) and T4 – Negative Control + Probiotic(in finisher).The results obtained in this experiment showed that the probiotic significantly increased body weight gain(P<0.05). Probiotic significantly improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). However, the probiotic supplementation did not affect on feed intake between treatments (P<0.05). In addition, results showed that probiotic caused significantly decrease on the serum cholesterol and triglyceride (P<0.05). Mean total cholesterol was significantly lower in the T2 fed group (P < 0.05) when compared to treatment without probiotic.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19735_cf53b98e650eece56c590611571a5ae7.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Antibacterial effect of Chitosan derived from artemia cyst shell against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, E. coli and Salmonella typhimuriumAntibacterial effect of Chitosan derived from artemia cyst shell against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium1973610.22059/ijvm.2008.19736EN.AGholizadehدانشگاه ارومیه.ANRezazad Bariدانشگاه ارومیه.SMRazavi Rohaniدانشگاه ارومیه.HBagheriدانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article19700101Chitosan is partially deacetylated polymer of N-acetyl glucoseamin ,which is obtained after alkaline deacetyltion of the chitin derived from the exoskeletons of crustaceans and arthropods.Chitosan has strong antimicrobial effect,and is safe for human body. In this study the antibacterial effects four concentration(0/25%,0/5%,0/75%,1%) of chitosan derived from Artimia cyst shell,determinated against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus agalactiae ,E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium.It was also this effects compared with the commercial chitosan. The results indicated that the antibacterial effect strengthened as the concentration of chitosan increased. It was also observed that the antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus agalactiae was much greater than to E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium.Also the antibacterial effect of the chitosan derived from Artemia cyst shell alittle less than comerical chitosanChitosan is partially deacetylated polymer of N-acetyl glucoseamin ,which is obtained after alkaline deacetyltion of the chitin derived from the exoskeletons of crustaceans and arthropods.Chitosan has strong antimicrobial effect,and is safe for human body. In this study the antibacterial effects four concentration(0/25%,0/5%,0/75%,1%) of chitosan derived from Artimia cyst shell,determinated against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus agalactiae ,E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium.It was also this effects compared with the commercial chitosan. The results indicated that the antibacterial effect strengthened as the concentration of chitosan increased. It was also observed that the antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus agalactiae was much greater than to E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium.Also the antibacterial effect of the chitosan derived from Artemia cyst shell alittle less than comerical chitosanhttps://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19736_8f196a1bcd828b8d5cea4256825f7aaa.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001The role of Salvia officinalis in preventing ischemia-reperfusion injuries in kidney of ratsThe role of Salvia officinalis in preventing ischemia-reperfusion injuries in kidney of rats1973710.22059/ijvm.2008.19737EN.KhHozhabriدانشگاه شهیدباهنرکرمان.MMOloumiدانشگاه شهیدباهنرکرمان.ADerakhshanfarدانشگاه شهیدباهنر کرمان.RKheirandishدانشگاه شهیدباهنرکرمان.SAzizollahiدانشگاه شهیدباهنر کرمانJournal Article19700101Salvia officinalis is a plant from the family Laniiaceae which grows all over the world. The plant has been used for its pro-appetite, energetic, diuretic, anti-convulsant, and analgesic effects. It has also believed that the plant is effective in gastric neuropathies. In some studies antifungal and antimicrobial effects of the plant are documented. In this study the water-soluble extract of the plant is used to control the experimental ischemia-reperfusion injuries (IRI) in kidney of rats. 18 male Spragne-Dowly rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned into two equal groups. Under general anesthesia (90 mg/kg ketamine, 10 mg/kg xylazine, IP) and aseptic surgical conditions, right kidney of the animals was approached from right sublumbar region. A Rumel tourniquet was used to induce ischemia for 40 minutes in the kidney, followed by an hour reperfusion. The animals were sacrificed thereafter. In treatment group the plant extract was administered orally (0.08-0.1 cc of undiluted extract) on 48, 24 and 0.5 hours before surgery. In control group the same amount of normal saline was administered. Following sacrificing the animals the right kidney was removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The sections were stained by hematoxillin and eosine and studied under light microscope. Severe vacuolar degeneration in the epithelium of proximal tubules of control group could be seen. There was also severe hyperemia and hemorrhage in control group. In treatment group the injuries were moderate in comparison to the control one. It can be concluded that Savla officinalis extract can protect the kidney against the IRI.Salvia officinalis is a plant from the family Laniiaceae which grows all over the world. The plant has been used for its pro-appetite, energetic, diuretic, anti-convulsant, and analgesic effects. It has also believed that the plant is effective in gastric neuropathies. In some studies antifungal and antimicrobial effects of the plant are documented. In this study the water-soluble extract of the plant is used to control the experimental ischemia-reperfusion injuries (IRI) in kidney of rats. 18 male Spragne-Dowly rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned into two equal groups. Under general anesthesia (90 mg/kg ketamine, 10 mg/kg xylazine, IP) and aseptic surgical conditions, right kidney of the animals was approached from right sublumbar region. A Rumel tourniquet was used to induce ischemia for 40 minutes in the kidney, followed by an hour reperfusion. The animals were sacrificed thereafter. In treatment group the plant extract was administered orally (0.08-0.1 cc of undiluted extract) on 48, 24 and 0.5 hours before surgery. In control group the same amount of normal saline was administered. Following sacrificing the animals the right kidney was removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The sections were stained by hematoxillin and eosine and studied under light microscope. Severe vacuolar degeneration in the epithelium of proximal tubules of control group could be seen. There was also severe hyperemia and hemorrhage in control group. In treatment group the injuries were moderate in comparison to the control one. It can be concluded that Savla officinalis extract can protect the kidney against the IRI.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19737_f01109dadfdcce147f188c91d024bf83.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Ketamine induces despair behavior in the mouseKetamine induces despair behavior in the mouse1973810.22059/ijvm.2008.19738EN.MAbuhosseini Tabariدانشگاه تهران.SMohammadnejadدانشگاه تهران.SNaeimiدانشگاه تهران.GSadeghi-Hashjinدانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Introduction: Dissociative anesthetics and barbiturates are used not only to induce general anesthesia, but also for several other clinical purposes. In addition, they may be considered as drugs of abuse in humans. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of two selected substances of these groups, i.e., ketamine hydrochloride (KHC) and sodium thiopental (STP) on some behavioral aspects in mice. Materials & Methods: Fifteen adult male mice were divided into three groups which received either saline solution (control), KHC (10 mg/kg), or STP (10 mg/kg) intra-peritoneally. Thirty minutes later, the following parameters were studied: pain sensation, catalepsy, grooming behavior, resistance on inclined surface, floating in water, locomotor activity, and behavior on elevated plus maze (EPM). Data were presented as means ± SEM and the means of three groups were compared by using one-way analysis of variance. Where permitted, the mean of an individual group was compared with that of the controls by Bonferroni's t test. A P value smaller than 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: No significant effect was exerted by KHC and STP on behavior in the mouse except the fact that of KHC on the floating activity of the animals. KHC-treated animals stopped swimming during 2 min 1.75 ± 0.55 times which showed an increase in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study clearly showed that a single administration of KHC may produce despair in the animal model used. As ketamine-like drugs such as phencyclidine, are abused as street drugs, they are likely to increase the suicide tendency in the youth. Therefore, complementary surveys are suggested to be performed in human subjects.Introduction: Dissociative anesthetics and barbiturates are used not only to induce general anesthesia, but also for several other clinical purposes. In addition, they may be considered as drugs of abuse in humans. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of two selected substances of these groups, i.e., ketamine hydrochloride (KHC) and sodium thiopental (STP) on some behavioral aspects in mice. Materials & Methods: Fifteen adult male mice were divided into three groups which received either saline solution (control), KHC (10 mg/kg), or STP (10 mg/kg) intra-peritoneally. Thirty minutes later, the following parameters were studied: pain sensation, catalepsy, grooming behavior, resistance on inclined surface, floating in water, locomotor activity, and behavior on elevated plus maze (EPM). Data were presented as means ± SEM and the means of three groups were compared by using one-way analysis of variance. Where permitted, the mean of an individual group was compared with that of the controls by Bonferroni's t test. A P value smaller than 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: No significant effect was exerted by KHC and STP on behavior in the mouse except the fact that of KHC on the floating activity of the animals. KHC-treated animals stopped swimming during 2 min 1.75 ± 0.55 times which showed an increase in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study clearly showed that a single administration of KHC may produce despair in the animal model used. As ketamine-like drugs such as phencyclidine, are abused as street drugs, they are likely to increase the suicide tendency in the youth. Therefore, complementary surveys are suggested to be performed in human subjects.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19738_829a7b1c85268579c2001a880e286386.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001An investigation into the contamination potentiality of diluted and non-diluted PropofolAn investigation into the contamination potentiality of diluted and non-diluted Propofol1973910.22059/ijvm.2008.19739EN.AKasalaeeدانشگاه آزاد.SMohit Mafiدانشگاه آزاد.FMoosakhaniدانشگاه آزاد.JVandyusefiدانشگاه آزاد.BEsmaeelianدانشگاه ارومیهJournal Article19700101It is believed that propofol may support microbial growth because of its nourishing lipid emulsion structure. There are many reports on isolation of various fungi and bacteria from propofol .Post anesthesia morbidity or mortality after administration of contaminated propofol are also reported This study was designed to evaluate contamination potentiality of pure and diluted propofol in multiple sampling of the drug during 72 hours after opening of the vials. Three vials of propofol 1% without antimicrobial preservative (Fresenius Kabi, Austria GmbH) were randomly selected and an angio cath. were inserted aseptically into each vials. One vial was kept as pure solution and the others diluted to 1/2 and 1/5 of initial concentrations by using sterile dextrose 5% solution. All the vials kept in laboratory room temperature for 72 hours. Multiple 0.5 ml drug aspiration every single hour for 8 hours and then every 24 hours for 72 hours were done and samples were evaluated for bacterial and fungi growth. Surprisingly, no growth of aerobic and non aerobic bacteria or Fungi was seen after standard incubation period during 72 hours of drug usage. According to our findings, it seems using vials instead of ampulas; using fixed angio caths instead of frequent needle insertions and following the exact aseptic process for drug preparation and administration will decrease contamination potentiality of propofol, so that, there will be minimal or no need to add preservative substances because of their described health hazards.It is believed that propofol may support microbial growth because of its nourishing lipid emulsion structure. There are many reports on isolation of various fungi and bacteria from propofol .Post anesthesia morbidity or mortality after administration of contaminated propofol are also reported This study was designed to evaluate contamination potentiality of pure and diluted propofol in multiple sampling of the drug during 72 hours after opening of the vials. Three vials of propofol 1% without antimicrobial preservative (Fresenius Kabi, Austria GmbH) were randomly selected and an angio cath. were inserted aseptically into each vials. One vial was kept as pure solution and the others diluted to 1/2 and 1/5 of initial concentrations by using sterile dextrose 5% solution. All the vials kept in laboratory room temperature for 72 hours. Multiple 0.5 ml drug aspiration every single hour for 8 hours and then every 24 hours for 72 hours were done and samples were evaluated for bacterial and fungi growth. Surprisingly, no growth of aerobic and non aerobic bacteria or Fungi was seen after standard incubation period during 72 hours of drug usage. According to our findings, it seems using vials instead of ampulas; using fixed angio caths instead of frequent needle insertions and following the exact aseptic process for drug preparation and administration will decrease contamination potentiality of propofol, so that, there will be minimal or no need to add preservative substances because of their described health hazards.https://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19739_16ceb1a9445191eb85c9f3c8fd9149a5.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine2251-889422320081001Antibiotical effects of homoeopathic drugs on prevention of post surgical secondary infection in dogsAntibiotical effects of homoeopathic drugs on prevention of post surgical secondary infection in dogs1974010.22059/ijvm.2008.19740EN.OAmiri Marviliدانشگاه شهید باهنر.MMohsen Haghighiدانشگاه آزاد.FHeidariدانشگاه شهیدباهنر.ZMozhdeganluدانشگاه شهیدباهنر.AGholizadehدانشگاه آزادJournal Article19700101One of the reasons of select this title is to make know of homeopathy science and experience effect of homoeopathic drugs on prevention of secondary infection in surgical wound. In this study Hepar sulphuris; the drug is selected for eight dogs (4 male, 4 male) and drug with 30c potency administered in the way of Intranasal and ophthalmic drop to 4 animals for 4 days in 6.i.d interval. The other group for prevention of post surgical infection used the compound of penicillin and streptomycin intra muscular. Result showed that the hepar. Sulphuris rapidly and completely prevented of infection and in comparison with penicillin and streptomycin had desired results. Also in assessment of microscopic sections healing was faster in animal that treated with homeopathic drug than those treated with penicillin and streptomycinOne of the reasons of select this title is to make know of homeopathy science and experience effect of homoeopathic drugs on prevention of secondary infection in surgical wound. In this study Hepar sulphuris; the drug is selected for eight dogs (4 male, 4 male) and drug with 30c potency administered in the way of Intranasal and ophthalmic drop to 4 animals for 4 days in 6.i.d interval. The other group for prevention of post surgical infection used the compound of penicillin and streptomycin intra muscular. Result showed that the hepar. Sulphuris rapidly and completely prevented of infection and in comparison with penicillin and streptomycin had desired results. Also in assessment of microscopic sections healing was faster in animal that treated with homeopathic drug than those treated with penicillin and streptomycinhttps://ijvm.ut.ac.ir/article_19740_feaf5a8bd788ffe3f01b4841d93c4117.pdf