Ethical Guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals in Research

Introduction

The Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (Iran J Vet Med) is committed to promoting the highest standards of animal welfare, scientific integrity, veterinary ethics, and responsible conduct of research involving animals. The journal recognizes the essential role of animals in advancing veterinary medicine, biomedical sciences, animal production, wildlife conservation, and public health. At the same time, the journal acknowledges the ethical responsibility of researchers to ensure that animals are treated humanely and with respect throughout the research process.

These guidelines apply to all manuscripts submitted to the journal that involve live animals, animal-derived biological materials, clinical veterinary cases, laboratory animals, farm animals, companion animals, aquatic species, wildlife, field studies, and experimental animal models.

Authors are expected to ensure that animal welfare considerations are integrated into the planning, design, implementation, monitoring, analysis, and reporting of their research.

 

1. Ethical Approval and Regulatory Compliance

All research involving live animals must be conducted in accordance with applicable institutional, national, and regional regulations governing the ethical care and use of animals in research.

Prior to commencing the study, investigators must obtain approval from an appropriate ethics committee, animal care committee, veterinary authority, or other competent regulatory body, where such approval is required.

Manuscripts must include:

  • The name of the approving committee or authority;
  • Approval or protocol number;
  • Date of approval, where applicable;
  • A statement confirming compliance with relevant ethical and legal requirements.

Studies involving observational investigations, routine veterinary procedures, retrospective clinical records, or previously collected biological materials may not require formal ethical approval in certain jurisdictions. In such cases, authors must clearly explain the basis for exemption and demonstrate compliance with applicable regulations.

The journal reserves the right to request supporting documentation during editorial assessment or peer review.

 

2. Scientific Justification for Animal Use

The use of animals in research must be scientifically justified and necessary to address a clearly defined research question.

Investigators should demonstrate that:

  • The anticipated scientific or veterinary benefits justify the involvement of animals;
  • Alternative methods are unavailable or inadequate for addressing the research objectives;
  • The selected species is appropriate for the scientific aims of the study;
  • The study design minimizes unnecessary use of animals.

Research involving animals should be designed to generate reliable, reproducible, and meaningful scientific evidence while maintaining the highest possible standards of animal welfare.

 

3. Principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs)

The journal supports the internationally recognized principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs).

Replacement

Researchers should use non-animal alternatives whenever scientifically appropriate and feasible. Examples may include cell culture systems, computational models, tissue banks, simulations, previously collected datasets, and other validated methodologies.

Reduction

The number of animals used should be the minimum required to achieve scientifically valid and statistically meaningful results. Appropriate study design, statistical planning, and data analysis should be used to avoid unnecessary animal use.

Refinement

Research procedures, housing conditions, handling practices, and experimental techniques should be refined to minimize pain, suffering, distress, fear, and lasting harm while improving animal welfare and scientific quality.

 

4. Animal Welfare, Housing, and Husbandry

Animals must be housed, transported, managed, and cared for according to accepted veterinary and animal welfare standards.

Investigators should ensure that:

  • Housing conditions are appropriate for the species;
  • Environmental conditions support animal health and welfare;
  • Adequate food and water are continuously available;
  • Appropriate environmental enrichment is provided when relevant;
  • Veterinary supervision is available when necessary;
  • Animals are allowed sufficient acclimatization before study procedures begin.

Authors should report relevant details concerning:

  • Species and breed;
  • Age, sex, and body weight;
  • Source of animals;
  • Housing and husbandry conditions;
  • Feeding and watering regimes;
  • Environmental enrichment;
  • Veterinary monitoring and care.

Transportation of animals should be minimized whenever possible and conducted in a manner that reduces stress and safeguards welfare.

Any departure from accepted welfare practices must be scientifically justified and ethically approved.

 

5. Pain, Distress, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Humane Endpoints

Researchers have an ethical obligation to minimize pain, suffering, distress, and discomfort.

When procedures may cause pain or distress, investigators should implement appropriate measures to prevent, reduce, monitor, and manage adverse effects.

Manuscripts should clearly describe:

  • Methods used to minimize pain and distress;
  • Anesthetic protocols;
  • Analgesic protocols;
  • Sedation procedures where applicable;
  • Monitoring methods;
  • Humane endpoints;
  • Post-procedural and postoperative care.

Researchers should assume that procedures likely to cause pain in humans may also cause pain in animals unless evidence demonstrates otherwise.

Animals experiencing severe or persistent pain, distress, or suffering that cannot be adequately relieved should receive immediate veterinary intervention or be removed from the study according to predefined humane endpoint criteria.

 

6. Surgical and Invasive Procedures

Surgical and invasive procedures should be performed only when scientifically justified and approved by the relevant ethics authority.

Such procedures must be conducted by appropriately trained personnel under suitable veterinary supervision.

Authors should report:

  • Surgical procedures performed;
  • Anesthetic and analgesic protocols;
  • Aseptic techniques;
  • Intraoperative monitoring procedures;
  • Recovery procedures;
  • Postoperative care measures.

Appropriate infection control procedures should be implemented whenever surgical interventions are performed.

Multiple invasive or survival procedures performed on the same animal require clear scientific justification and ethical approval.

 

7. Euthanasia

When euthanasia is necessary, it must be performed humanely by qualified personnel using methods appropriate for the species, age, physiological condition, and study objectives.

The selected method should:

  • Minimize pain, fear, and distress;
  • Produce rapid loss of consciousness followed by death;
  • Be scientifically and ethically justified;
  • Be performed with respect for animal welfare.

Euthanasia should never be performed solely for convenience and must be justified within the study protocol.

Authors must describe the euthanasia method used and provide sufficient information to allow assessment of its appropriateness.

Disposal of animal remains must comply with applicable environmental, veterinary, and public health regulations.

 8. Veterinary Clinical Ethics and Client-Owned Animals

Research involving client-owned animals requires particular ethical consideration because participation may directly affect the welfare, health, and quality of life of individual animals.

Authors must confirm that:

  • Informed consent was obtained from the owner or legal guardian prior to enrollment;
  • Participation did not compromise the welfare of the animal;
  • Clinical decisions prioritized the interests of the animal over research objectives;
  • Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures complied with accepted veterinary standards of care.

Any procedure performed solely for research purposes must be scientifically justified, ethically approved, and clearly explained to the owner before participation.

The journal encourages investigators to ensure that owners receive sufficient information regarding the nature, benefits, risks, and expected outcomes of participation.

 

9. Use of Animal-Derived Biological Materials

Studies involving animal-derived biological materials, including blood, tissues, organs, milk, meat, reproductive materials, diagnostic specimens, abattoir samples, and archived biological collections, must comply with applicable ethical, legal, and biosafety requirements.

Authors should clearly report:

  • The source of biological materials;
  • Whether additional procedures were performed on animals to obtain samples;
  • Relevant approvals, permits, or permissions;
  • Measures taken to minimize unnecessary animal use.

The use of previously collected specimens is encouraged when scientifically appropriate and consistent with research objectives.

 

10. Field Studies, Wildlife, Farm Animals, and Protected Species

Field-based investigations should be conducted in a manner that minimizes disturbance to animals, ecosystems, habitats, and local communities.

Researchers must obtain all necessary permits and authorizations for activities involving:

  • Capture;
  • Sampling;
  • Handling;
  • Marking or tagging;
  • Transport;
  • Observation of wildlife.

Investigators should avoid unnecessary disruption of natural behaviors, breeding activities, migration patterns, ecological interactions, and habitat integrity.

Research involving endangered, threatened, protected, or imported species must comply with all applicable national and international regulations.

For studies involving farm animals, investigators should ensure that management, handling, transportation, and husbandry practices prioritize animal welfare and good veterinary practice.

 

11. Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Zoonotic Risks

Research involving infectious agents, zoonotic pathogens, biological hazards, experimental infections, or potentially hazardous materials must be conducted according to appropriate biosafety and biosecurity standards.

Authors should describe measures taken to:

  • Protect personnel and research staff;
  • Prevent environmental contamination;
  • Minimize disease transmission between animals and humans;
  • Ensure safe handling, storage, transport, and disposal of biological materials.

Where relevant, studies should include risk mitigation strategies addressing zoonotic disease transmission and occupational health concerns.

 

12. Reporting Standards

The journal encourages transparent, accurate, and complete reporting of animal research.

Authors should provide sufficient methodological information to enable readers, reviewers, and editors to evaluate:

  • Scientific validity;
  • Reproducibility;
  • Ethical conduct;
  • Animal welfare considerations.

Where applicable, authors are encouraged to follow ARRIVE 2.0 reporting recommendations.

Information reported should include:

  • Species, breed, sex, age, and body weight;
  • Number of animals used;
  • Study design;
  • Inclusion and exclusion criteria;
  • Randomization and blinding procedures;
  • Experimental interventions;
  • Welfare monitoring procedures;
  • Humane endpoints;
  • Ethical approval details.

Failure to provide sufficient methodological or ethical information may result in requests for revision, delays in peer review, or rejection of the manuscript.

 

13. Editorial Assessment of Animal Ethics

Animal welfare and ethical compliance constitute an integral component of the journal’s editorial evaluation process.

Editors may decline manuscripts prior to peer review when:

  • Ethical approval is absent, inadequate, or inappropriate;
  • Animal welfare concerns are identified;
  • Scientific justification is insufficient;
  • Reporting is inadequate to assess ethical conduct.

Editors and reviewers may request additional documentation, permits, approvals, welfare records, or supporting information whenever necessary.

The journal reserves the right to consult independent experts regarding ethical concerns arising during editorial assessment.

 

14. Author Declaration

By submitting a manuscript to the Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, authors confirm that:

  • The research was conducted ethically, responsibly, and lawfully;
  • Required approvals and permissions were obtained before the study commenced;
  • Animal welfare was protected throughout the study;
  • Information presented in the manuscript is accurate and complete;
  • The principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement were considered and applied whenever possible;
  • The study complied with applicable ethical, veterinary, legal, and regulatory requirements.

 

Basis of Journal Policy

This policy has been developed and adopted by the Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine as part of its commitment to responsible veterinary research and scholarly publishing.

The policy reflects internationally accepted principles of animal welfare, veterinary ethics, scientific rigor, and transparent reporting while remaining applicable to the diverse range of clinical, experimental, agricultural, wildlife, laboratory, and aquatic animal studies published by the journal.

The policy is intended to support ethical decision-making, protect animal welfare, improve research quality, and promote public trust in veterinary science.

 

References and International Resources

  1. Russell WMS, Burch RL. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen; 1959. Available from: https://nc3rs.org.uk/the-principles-of-humane-experimental-technique
  2. Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, et al. The ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biology. 2020;18(7):e3000410. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410
  3. National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs). The 3Rs Principles. Available from: https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/the-3rs
  4. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Animal Welfare Standards and Recommendations. Available from: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/
  5. EQUATOR Network. Reporting Guidelines for Health Research. Available from: https://www.equator-network.org/
  6. International Association of Veterinary Editors (IAVE). Best Practices and Recommendations for Veterinary Journals. Available from: https://www.iave.org
  7. World Veterinary Association (WVA). Veterinary Ethics and Animal Welfare Resources. Available from: https://worldvet.org

Source Statement

This policy has been independently developed and adopted by the Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. The resources listed above informed the development of the policy and are provided for transparency and guidance. The policy should not be interpreted as a reproduction of any third-party guideline,