Blechman, A.D. (2006) Pigeons: the fascinating
saga of the world’s most revered and
reviled bird. University of Queensland press.
Queensland, Australia.
Durrani, U.F., Arif Khan, M., Saleem Ahmad,
S. (2008) Comparative efficacy (sedative and
anesthetic) of detomidine, ketamine and detomidine-
ketamine cocktail in pigeons (Columba
livia domesticus). Pak Vet J. 28: 115-118.
Fitzgerald, G., Cooper, J.E. (1990) Preliminary
studies on the use of propofol in the domestic
pigeon (Columba livia domesticus). Res Vet
Sci. 49: 334-338.
Goelz, M.F., Hahn, A.W., Kelley, S.T. (1990)
Effects of halothane and isoflurane on mean
arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory
rate in adult Pekin ducks. Am J Vet Res.
51: 458-46016.
Gold, M.I., Abraham, E.C., Herrington, C.
(1987) A controlled investigation of propofol,
thiopentone and methohexitone. Can J Anaesth.
34: 478-483.
Jaensch, S.M., Cullen, L., Raidal, S.R. (1999)
Comparative cardiopulmonary effects of halothane
and isoflurane in Galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus).
J Avian Med Surg. 13: 15-22.
Hawkins, M.G., Wright, B.D., Pascoe, P.J.,
Kass, P.H., Maxwell, L.K., Tell, L.A. (2003)
Pharmacokinetics and anesthetic and cardiopulmonary
effects of propofol in red-tailed
Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned
owls (Bubo virginianus). Am J Vet Res. 64:
677-683.
Kilic, N., Pasa, S. (2009) Cardiopulmonary
effects of propofol compared with those of a
medetomidine-ketamine combination in the
common vuzzards (Buteo buteo). Revue de
Med Vet. 160: 154-159.
Langan, J.N., Ramsay, E.C., Blackford, J.T.,
Schumacher, J. (2000) Cardiopulmonary and
sedative effects of intramuscular medeto-
midine-ketamine and intravenous propofol
in ostriches (Struthio camelus). J Avian Med
Surg. 14: 2-7.
Langlois, I., Harvey, C.R., Jones, M.P., Schumacher,
J. (2003) Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic
effects of isoflurane and propofol in hispaniolan
amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis).
J Avian Med Surg. 17: 4-10.
Lierz, M., Korbel, R. (2012) Anesthesia and
analgesia in birds. J Exotic Pet Med. 21: 44–58.
Lopez Murcia, M.M., Bernal, L.J., Montes,
A.M., Garcia Martinez, J.D., Ayala, I. (2005)
The normal electrocardiogram of the unanaesthetized
competition ‘Spanish pouler’ pigeon
(Columba livia domesticus gutturosa). J Vet
Med Series A. 52: 347–349.
Ludders, J.W., Rode, J., Mitchell, G.S. (1989)
Isoflurane anesthesia in sandhill cranes (Grus
canadensis): minimal anesthetic concentration
and cardiopulmonary dose-response during
spontaneous and controlled breathing. Anesth
Analg. 68: 511-516.
Ludders, J.W., Mitchell, G.S., Rode, J. (1990)
Minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary
dose response of isoflurane in
ducks. Vet Surg. 19: 304-307.
Lukasik, V.M., Gentz, E.J, Erb H.N., Ludders,
J.W., Scarlet, J.V. (1997) Cardiopulmonary effects
of propofol anesthesia in chickens (Gallus
gallus domesticus). J Avian Med Surg 11:93-
97.
Machin, K.L., Caulkett, N.A. (1998) Cardiopulmonary
effects of propofol and a medetomidine-
midazolam-ketamine combination in
mallard ducks. Am J Vet Res. 59: 598-602.
Machin, K.L., Caulkett, N.A. (1999) Cardiopulmonary
effects of propofol infusion in canvasback
ducks (Aythya valisineria). J Avian
Med Surg. 13: 167-172.
Machin, K.L., Caulkett, N.A. (2000) Evaluation
of isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for
intraabdominal transmitter placement in nesting
female canvasback ducks. J Wildlife Dis.
36: 324-334.
Mama, K.R., Phillips, L.G.J., Pascoe, P.J. (1996)
Use of propofol for induction and maintenance
of anesthesia in a barn owl (Tyto alba)
undergoing tracheal resection. J Zoo Wildlife
Med. 27: 397-401.
Muller, K., Holzapfel, J., Brunnberg, L. (2011)
Total intravenous anaesthesia by boluses or by
continuous rate infusion of propofol in mute
swans (Cygnus olor). Vet Anaesth Analg. 38:
286-291.
Schmitt, P.M., Gobell, T., Trautvetter, E. (1998)
Evaluation of pulse oximetry as a monitoring
method in avian anesthesia. J Avian Med Surg.
12: 91-99.
Schumacher, J., Citino, S.B., Hernandez, K.,
Hutt, J., Dixon, B. (1997) Cardiopulmonary
and anesthetic effects of propofol in wild turkeys.
Am J Vet Res. 58: 1014-1017.
Smith, I., White, P.F., Nathanson, M., Gouldson,
R. (1994) Propofol. An update on its clinical
use. Anesthesiology. 81: 1005-1043.
Vriends, M.M., Erskine, T. (2005) Pigeons:
Barron’s educational series. 250 wireless Boulevard
Hauppauge, New York, USA.
)