Document Type : Review article
Authors
1
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract
Probiotics primarily consist of beneficial bacteria, particularly from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, that when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. Probiotics have been shown to have various benefits in improving the health and productivity of livestock, including goats, camels, horses, dogs, and cats. The mechanisms through which probiotics exert their effects are complex and multifaceted. They can help in maintaining gut health by competing with pathogenic microorganisms for resources, thereby preventing infections. Additionally, probiotics can produce antimicrobial substances, such as bacteriocins, which inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. They also play a role in enhancing the immune system by promoting the production of immunoglobulins and modulating inflammatory responses. Research has shown that specific probiotic strains can alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, the use of probiotics also raises concerns about potential side effects and residues in animal products. Furthermore, the interaction of probiotic strains with other microorganisms during meat processing could result in the production of undesirable compounds, which may pose health risks to consumers. Another significant concern is the potential for probiotics to contribute to antibiotic resistance. Probiotic strains often harbor intrinsic and mobile genetic elements that confer resistance to various antibiotics. When consumed in high amounts, these probiotics can establish a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes, which may be transferred to pathogenic bacteria, leading to serious clinical ramifications. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of probiotic use in animal production and human health. The conclusion of the text is that while probiotics offer numerous health benefits, their residues and metabolic byproducts can pose risks that warrant further investigation.
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