Amar, C.F.L, Dear, P.H., Pedraza – Diaz, S.,
Looker, N., Linnane, E.M.C., Lauchlin, J.
(2002) Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment
length polymorphism assay for detection and
genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human
feces. J Clin Microbiol. 40: 446-52.
Andrews, R.H., Adams, M., Boreham, P.F.L.,
Mayrhofer, G., Meloni, B.P. (1989) Giardia intestinalis:
electrophoretic evidence for a species
complex. Int J Parasitol. 19: 183-196.
Andrews, R.H., Chilton, N.B., Mayrhofer, G.
(1992) Selection of specific genotypes of Giardia
intestinalis by growth in vitro and in vivo.
Parasitology. 105: 375-386.
Buret, A., (1994) Pathogenesis-how does Giardia
cause disease? In: Giardia: From Mol Dis.
CAB, Wallingford. Thompson, R.C.A, Reynoldson,
J.A, Lymbery, A.J. (eds). p. 293-315.
Cacciò, S.M., Ryan, U. (2008) Molecular epidemiology
of giardiasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol.
160: 75-80.
Cedillo-Rivera, R., Enciso-Moreno, J.A., Mar-
tinez- Palamo, A., Ortega Pierres, G. (1989)
Giardia lamblia isoenzyme analysis of 19 axenic
strains isolated from symptomatic and a
symptomatic patients in Mexico. Trans R Soc
Trop Med Hyg. 83: 644-6.
Farthing, M.I.G. (1994) Giardiasis as a disease.
In: Giardia: from Molecules to Disease.
Thompson, R.C.A., Reynoldson, J.A., Lymbery,
A.J. (eds.). CAB International, Wallingford,
UK. p. 15-37.
Filice, F.P. (1952) Studies on the cytology and
life history of Giardia from the laboratory rat.
Univ Calif Berkeley Publ Zool. 57:53-146.
Gilman, R.H., Marquis, G.S., Miranda, E.,
Vestegui, M., Martinez, H. (1988) Rapid reinfection
of Giardia lamblia after treatment in a
hyper endemic thind world community. Lancet.
13: 343-345.
Homan, W.L., Enckevort, F.H.S., Limper, L.,
Eys, G.J.J.M., van, Schoone, G.J., Kasprzak, W.,
Majewska, A.C., Knapen, F. van. (1992) Comparison
of Giardia isolates from different laboratories
by isoenzyme analysis and recombinant
DNA probes. Parasitol Res. 78: 316-323.
Homan, W.L., Gilsing, M., Bentala, H., Limper,
L., Knapen van, F. (1998) Characterization
of Giardia duodenalis by polymerase-chain-reaction
fingerprinting. Parasitol Res. 84: 707-
714.
Hopkins, R.M., Meloni, B.P., Groth, D.M.,
Wethorall, J.D., Reynoldson, S.A., Thompson,
R.C.A. (1997) Ribosomal RNA sequencing
reveals differences between the genotypes of
Giardia isolates recovered from humans and
dogs living in the same locality. J Parasitol. 83:
44-51.
Sulaiman, I.M., Fayer, R., Bern, C., Gilman,
R.H., Trout, J.M., Schantz, P.M., Lal, A.A.,
Xiao, L. (2003) Triosephosphate isomerase
gene characterization and potential zoonotic
transmission of Giardia duodenalis. Emerg Infect
Dis. Nov. 9: 1444–1452.
Kappus, K.D., Lundgren, R.G.Jr., Juranek,
D.D., Robert, S.M., Spencer, H.D. (1994) Intestinal
parasitism in the United States: Up-
date on a continuing problem. Am J Trop Med
Hyg. 50: 705-713.
Keister, D.B. (1983) Axenic culture of Giardia
lamblia in TYIS-33 medium supplemented
with bile. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 77:
487-488.
Lodi, P.J., chang, C.L., Knowles, J.R. (1994)
Triosephosphate is omerase requires a positively
charged active site. The role of lysine 12.
Biochemistry. 83: 2809-2814.
LU, S.Q., Baurch, A.C., Adam, R.D. (1998)
Molecular comparison of Giardia lamblia isolates.
Int J Parasitol. 28: 1341-1345.
LU, S., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wen, J., Wang, F. (2000)
The intraspecific difference of triosephosphate
isomerase (tim) from Giardia lamblia. China
Med J (Engl). 715: 99-102.
Margan, U.M, Constantine, C.C., Greene,
W.K., Thompson, R.C.A. (1993) RAPD (Random
amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis of
Giardia DNA and correlation with isoenzyme
data. Trans R Soc Trop Med and Hyg. 87: 702-
705.
Mayrhofer, G., Andrew, R.H., Ey, P.L., Albert,
M.S., Grimmond, T.R., Merry, D.J. (1992) The
use of suckling mice to isolate and grow Giardia
from mammalian faecal specimens for genetic
analysis. Parasitology. 105: 255-263.
Mayerhofer, G., Andrews, R.H., Ey, P.L., Chilton,
N.B. (1995) Division of Giardia isolates
from humans into two major assemblages by
electrophoretic analysis of enzymes encoded
at 27 loci and comparison with Giardia muris,
Parasitology. 111: 11-17.
Nash, T.E., Mc Cutchan, T., Keister, D., Dame,
J.B., Conrad, J.D., Gillin, F.D. (1985) Restriction
– endonuclease analysis of DNA from 15
Giardia isolates obtained from humans and
animals. J Infect Dis. 152: 64-73.
Paintlia, A.S., Descoteaux, S., Spencer, B.,
Chakuborti, A., Ganguly, N.K., Mahajan, R.C.,
Samuelson, J. (1998) Giardia lamblia groups A
and B among young adults in India. Clin Infec
Dis. 26: 190-191.
Pantchev, N., Broglia, A., Paoletti, B., Vrhovec,
M.G., Bertram, A., Nöckler, K., Cacciò, S.M.
(2014) Occurrence and molecular typing of
Giardia isolates in pet rabbits, chinchillas,
guinea pigs and ferrets collected in Europe
during 2006-2012. Vet Rec. 26: 173-179.
Thompson, R.C., Stevens, D.P., Mahmoud,
A.A.F., Warren, K.S. (1976) Giardiasis in the
mouse. An animal model. Gastroenterology.
71: 57-61.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T. (1989)
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.
Cold spring Harbor Press. New York, USA.
Sarafis, K., Issac-Renton, J.L. (1993) Pulsed
field gel electrophoresis as a method of biotyping
of Giardia duodenalis. Am J Trop Med
Hyg. 48: 134-144.
Sprong, H., Cacciò, S.M., van der Giessen, J.W.
(2009) Identification of zoonotic genotypes of
Giardia duodenalis. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 3:
e558.
Thompson, R.C.A, Reynoldson, J.A., Lymbery,
A.S. (1993) Giardia-From molecule to disease
and beyond. Parasitol Today. 9: 313-5.
Thompson, R.C.A. (2000) Giardiasis as a
re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic
potential. Int J Parasitol. 30: 1259-67.
Thompson, R.C.A., Hopkins, R.M., Homan,
W.L. (2000) Nomenclature and genetic grouping
of Giardia infecting mammals, Parasitol
Today. 16: 210-3.
Thompson, R.C.A. (2002) Correlation between
genotype of Giardia duodenalis and
iarrhea. Int J Parasitol. 32: 229-231.
van Keulen, H., Macechko, P.T., Wade, S.,
Schaaf, S., Wallis, P.M., Erlandsen, S.L. (2002)
Presence of human Giardia in domestic, farm
and wild animals, and environmental samples
suggests a zoonotic potential for giardiasis,
Vet Parasitol. 108: 97-107.
Weiss, J.B., Van Keulen, H., Nash, T.E. (1992)
Classification of subgroups of Giardia lamblia
based upon ribosomal RNA gene sequence
using the polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem
Parasitol. 54: 73-86.
)