بررسی استفاده از ملاتونین خوراکی و تاریکی بر کاهش تلفات و عوارض ناشی از استرس حاد گرمایی در جوجه های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : کلینیکال پاتولوژی

نویسندگان

1 گروه بیماری های پرندگان، دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 گروه علوم پایه، دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

4 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی سازمان پژوهش های علمی و تکنولوژی ایران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

زمینه مطالعه: استرس گرمایی از مهمترین استرسهای محیطی است که خسارت تأثیرگذاری در صنعت طیور ایجاد میکند. شناخت این استرس و کنترل آن تأثیر بسیار مهمی در تولید این صنعت خواهد داشت. هدف: تأثیر استفاده از ملاتونین خوراکی و رژیم تاریکی بر عوارض منفی ناشی از استرس گرمایی مورد برسی قرار میگیرد.  روش کار: 400 قطعه جوجه گوشتی نژاد آرین تهیه و به چهار گروه تقسیم و تا 42 روزگی نگهداری شدند. جوجههای گروه کنترل در کل دوره  از لحاظ دما و نور در شرایط عادی نگهداری شدند. در گروه کنترل مثبت، جوجههای آن تا 35 روزگی مانند گروه اول پرورش یافتند و بین 35 الی 40 روزگی، روزانه 6 ساعت در شرایط استرس حاد گرمایی قرار گرفتند. در گروه تاریکی، جوجهها ضمن تحمل استرس گرمایی مانند سایر گروهها، از یک مدل تاریکی استفاده کردند. در گروه ملاتونین، جوجهها همانند گروه کنترل مثبت پرورش یافته و بین 30 الی 40 روزگی ملاتونین خوراکی به میزان ppm‌40 در دان مصرف نمودند. جوجهها و غذای مصرفی آنها هفتگی توزین و تلفات روزانه کالبدگشایی و گزارش شد. از جوجهها خونگیری و غلظت هورمونهای خون آنها اندازه گیری شد. نتایج: استفاده از برنامة تاریکی و ملاتونین در دان سبب کاهش تعداد تلفات ناشی از استرس گرمایی گردید که این  کاهش تلفات به شکل معنیداری با کاهش غلظت T3، نسبت T4/T3 و کورتیکوسترون خون جوجهها همراه شد. ضمناً میزان TBARS خون جوجههای گروه کنترل مثبت هم به شکل معنیداری نسبت به گروههای دیگر بالاتر بود. نتیجه گیری نهایی: این آزمایش نشان داد که استفاده از ملاتونین خوراکی و تاریکی در پرورش جوجه سبب کاهش فعالیت متابولیک و تولید گرما در جوجههای گوشتی شده که این مسئله سبب کاهش تلفات و عوارض ناشی از استرس حاد گرمایی خواهد شد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


Abbas, A.O., Gehad, A.E., Hendricks, G.L., Gharib, H.B.A., Mushily, M.M. (2007) The effect of lighting program and melatonin on the alleviation of the negative impact of heat stress on the immune response in broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci. 6: 651- 660.
Ahmad, T., Sarwar, M. (2006) Dietary electrolyte balance: Implications in heat stressed broilers. World’s Poult Sci J. 62: 638-653.
Al-Masri, F. (2010) A comparative study on the influence of different lighting programs and anatomical parameters of cardiopulmonary systems on the incidence of ascites in broiler chickens. Ph.D thesis nr 399, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran.
Ambriz-Tututi, M., Rocha-Gonzalez, HI., Cruz, S.L., Granados-Soto, V. (2009) Melatonin: a hormone that modulates pain. Life Sci. 84: 489-498.
Apeldoorn, E.J., Schrama, J.W., Mashaly, M.M., Parmentier, H.K. (1999) Effect of melatonin and lighting schedule on energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 78: 223- 229.
Barlow-Walden, L.R., Reiter, R.J., Abe, M., Pablos, M., Menendez-Pelaez, A., Chen, L.D. (1995) Melatonin stimulates brain glutathione peroxidase activity. Neurochem Int. 26: 497-502.
Ben Nathan, D., Heller, E.D., Perek, M. (1976) The effect of short heat stress upon leucocyte count, plasma corticosterone level, plasma and leucocyte ascorbic acid content. Br Poult Sci. 17: 481-485.
Blair, R., Newberry, R.C., Gardiner, E.E. (1993) Effects of lighting pattern and dietary tryptophan supplementation on growth and mortality in broilers. Poult Sci. 72: 495-502.
Bowen, S.J., Washburn, K.W., Huston, T.M. (1984) Involvement of the thyroid gland in the response of the young chicken to heat stress. Poult Sci. 63: 66-69.
Brennan, C.P., Hendricks III., G.L., El-Sheikh, T.M., Mashaly, M. M. (2002) Melatonin and the enhancement of immune responses in immature male chickens. Poult Sci. 81: 371-375.
Buys, N., Buyse, J., Hassanzadeh, M., Decuypere, E. (1998) Intermittent lighting reduces the incidence of ascites in broilers: an interaction with protein content of feed on performance and the endocrine system. Poult Sci. 77: 54-61.
Buyse, J., Decuypere, E., Berghman, L., Ku¨hn,  R.E., Vandesande, F. (1992) Effect of dietary protein content on episotic growth hormone secretion and on heat production of male broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 33: 1101-1109.
Buyse, J., Decuypere, E., Michels, H. (1994) intermittent lighting and broiler production. 1. Effect on female broiler performance. Arch fürGefl. 58: 69-74.
Calder, W., Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1967) Temperature regulation and evaporation in the pigeon and the roadrunner. Am J Physiol. 213: 883-889.
Clark, W.D., Classen, H.L. (1995) The effects of continuously or diurnally fed melatonin on broiler performance and health. Poult Sci. 74: 1900-1904.
Classen, H.L., Riddell, C., Robinson, F.E. (1991) Effect of increasing photoperiod length on performance and health of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 32: 21-29.
Cooper, M.A., Washburn, K.W. (1998) The relationships of body temperature to weight gain, feed consumption and feed utilization in broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci. 77: 237-242.
Decuypere, E., Kühn, E.R. (1984) Alterations in thyroid hormone physiology induced by temperature and feeding in newly hatched chickens. Acta Physiol. 39: 380-391.
Decuypere, E., Scanes, C.G., Kuhn, E.R. (1983) Effects of glucocorticoids on circulating concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and on peripheral monodeiodination in pre- and post-hatching chickens. Horm Metab Res. 15: 233-236.
Decuypere, E., Darras, V.M., Vermijlen, K.   Kuhn, E.R. (1989) Developmental changes in the corticosterone response to corticotrophin and in the adrenal corticosterone content of rapid and slow growing strains of chickens (Gallus domesticus). Br Poult Sci. 30: 699-709.
Decuypere, E., Vega, C., Bartha, T., Buyse, J., Zoons, J., Albers, G.A.A. (1994) Increased sensitivity to triiodothyronine (T3) of broiler lines with a high susceptibility for ascites. Br Poult Sci. 35: 287-297.
Deyhim, F., Teeter, R.G. (1991) Sodium and potassium chloride drinking water supplementation effects on acid-base balance and plasma corticosterone in broilers reared in thermoneutral and heat-distressed environment. Poult Sci. 70: 2551-2553.
Dröge, W. (2002) Aging-related changes in the thiol/disulfide redox state: implications for the use of thiol antioxidants. Exp Gerontol. 37: 1333-45.
Geraert, P.A., Padilha, J.C., Guillaumin, S. (1996) Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: biological and endocrinological variables. Br J Nutr. 75: 205-216.
Gharib, H.B.A., Desoky, A.A., El-Menawey, M.A., Abbas, A.O., Hendricks, G.L., Mashaly, M. (2008) The role of photoperiod and melatonin on alleviation of the negative impact of heat stress on broilers. Int J Poult Sci. 7: 749-756.
Halliwell, B.H., Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1989) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. (2nd ed.)Oxford, UK. Clarendon Press.
Hassanzadeh, M., Bozorgmeri, F.M.H., Akbari, A.R., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E. (2000) Effect of intermittent lighting schedules during the natural scotoperiod on T3-induced ascites in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 29: 433-439.
Hassanzadeh, M., Bozorgmehri, F.M.H., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E. (2003) The beneficial effects of alternative lighting schedules on the incidence of ascites and metabolic parameters of broiler chickens. Acta Vet Hung. 51: 513-520.
Hassanzadeh, M., Bozorgmeri fard, M.H., Buyse, J. Bruggeman, V., Decuypere, E. (2004) Effect of chronic hypoxia during the embryonic development on the physiological functioning and on hatching parameters related to ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Avian pathol. 33: 558-564.
Hassanzadeh, M., Shojadoost, B., Feyzih, A., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E. (2005) Effect of intermittent lighting schedules at the young age of broiler chickens on the incidence of ascites and metabolic parameters. Arch Geflügelkd. 69: 57-61.
Hassanzadeh, M., Al-Masri, F., Maddadi, M.S., Shojaei, H., Eghbalian, A., Abbasi, S., Yousefi, K. (2012) Comparative study on the beneficial effects of different dark length schedules on the incidence of ascites and metabolic parameters in fast growing broiler chickens. Iran J Vet Med (University of Tehran). 6: 113- 121. 
Hassanzadeh, M., Buyse, J., Toloei, T., Decuypere, E. (2014) Ascites syndrome in broiler chickens: A review on the aspect of endogenous and exogenous factors interactions. J Poult Sci. 51: 229-241.
Iqbal, A., Decuypere, E., Abd El Azim, A., Kuhn, E.R. (1990) Pre- and post-hatch high temperature exposure affects the thyroid hormones and corticosterone response to acute heat stress in growing chickens (Gallus domesticus). J Therm Biol. 15: 149-153.
Julian, R.J. (2005) Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic disease of poultry-a review. Vet J. 169: 350-369.
Kusandi, E., Djulardi, A. (2011) Physiological dynamics of broilers at various environmental temperatures. Int J Poult Sci. 10: 19-22.
Lara, L.J., Rostagno, M.H. (2013) Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animals. 3: 356-369.
Lin, H., Du, R., Zhang, Z.Y. (2000) The peroxidation in tissues of heat-stress broilers. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 13: 1373-1376.
Lin, H., Decuypere, E., Buyse, J. (2004a) Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) 1. Chronic exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 139: 737-744.
Lin, H., Decuypere, E., Buyse, J. (2004b) Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) 2. Short-term effect. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 139: 745-751.
Lin, H., Jiao., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E. (2006a) Strategies for preventing heat stress in Poultry, World’s Poult. Sci. J. 62: 71-89.
Lin, H., Decuypere, E., Buyse, J. (2006) Acute heat stress induces oxidative injury in broiler chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 144: 11-17.
Mahmoud, K., Edens, F.W. (2003) Influence of selenium sources on age-related and mild heat stress-related changes of blood and liver glutathione redox cycle in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol Part B. 136: 921-934.
May, J.D., Deaton, J.W., Reece, F.N., Branton, S.L. (1986) Effect of acclimation and heat stress on thyroid hormone concentration. Poultry Sci. 65: 1211-1213.
Naughton, M.P., Henderson, A., Mirabelli, M.C, Kaiser, R., Wilhelm, J.L., Kieszak, S.M. (2002) Heat-related mortality during a 1999 heat wave in Chicago. Am J Prev Med. 22: 221-227.
National Research Council. Subcommittee on Poultry, N. (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry. National Academies Press.  Washington, USA.
Osei, P., Robbins, K.R., Shirley, H.V. (1989) Effect of exogenous melatonin on growth and energy metabolism of chickens. Nutr Res. 9: 69-81.
Ozturk, G., Coskun, S., Erbas, G. (2002) Effect of melatonin treatment on serum and tissue zinc levels in rats. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 15: 1-8.
Pieri, C., Marra, M., Moroni, F. (1994) Melatonin: a peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E. Life Sci. 55: 271-276.
Rasmussen, D.D., Marck, B.T., Boldt, B.M., Yellon, S.M., Matsumoto, A.M. (2003) Suppression of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression by daily melatonin supplementation in aging rats. J Pineal Res. 34: 127-33.
Sanotra, G., Damkjer, S., Lund, J., Vestergaard, K.S. (2002) Influence of light-dark schedules and stocking density on behaviour, risk of leg problems and occurrence of chronic fear in broilers. Br Poult Sci. 43: 344-354.
Sahin, N., Onderci, M., Sahin, K.,  Smith, M.O. (2003) Melatonin supplementation can ameliorate the detrimental effects of heat stress on performance and carcass traits of Japanese quail. Biol Trace Elem Res. 96: 169-172.
Siegel, H.S. (1995) Stress, strain, and resistance. Br Poult Sci. 36: 3-22.
Star, L., Decuypere, E., Parmentier, H.K., Kemp, B. (2008) Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress in four layer lines: 2. Endocrine and oxidative stress responses. Poult Sci. 87: 1031-1038.
Stub, C., Vestegaard, K.S. (2001) Influence of zinc bacitracin, light regimen and dustbathing on the health and welfare of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 42: 564-568.
Yahav, S., Hurwitz, H. (1996) Induction of thermotolerance in male broiler chickens by temperature conditioning at an early age. Poult Sci. 75: 402-406.
Yahav, S., McMurtry, J.P. (2001) Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life—the effect of timing and ambient temperature. Poult Sci. 80: 1662-1666.