نقش میانجی های عصبی در تنظیم مرکزی اخذ غذا و اشتها در پرندگان

نوع مقاله : فیزیولوژی

نویسندگان

1 موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

3 گروه علوم پایه دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تهران،تهران،ایران

چکیده

زمینه مطالعه: میانجی‌های عصبی (نوروترنسمیترها) ترکیباتی هستند که از پایانه‌های عصبی نورون‌های شیمیایی به فضای سیناپسی ترشح می‌شوند و بر گیرنده‌های غشایی دیگر نورون‌ها اثر می‌گذارند.

هدف: هدف این مقاله مرور نقش برخی از میانجی‌های عصبی موثر بر تنظیم مصرف خوراک پرندگان و عوامل تعدیل‌کننده‌ی آن‌ها می‌باشد.

نتایج : میانجی‌های عصبی می‌توانند به‌عنوان یک عامل تحریک کننده، مهارکننده و یا تعدیل کننده‌ نقش آفرینی کنند. تا کنون بیش از 40 میانجی عصبی مهم کشف شده است که از جمله می‌توان به استیل کولین، اپی‌نفرین، نوراپی‌نفرین، هیستامین، گاما آمینو بوتیریک اسید (GABA)، گلایسین، سروتونین و گلوتامات به‌عنوان مهمترین میانجی‌های عصبی موثر بر کنترل رفتار تغذیه‌ای اشاره کرد. به طور کلی، میانجی‌های سیناپسی به دو دسته تقسیم می‌شوند، دسته‌ی نخست از مولکول‌های کوچکی ساخته شده‌ و تند اثر هستند؛ دسته دوم، نوروپپتیدهایی با اندازه مولکولی بزرگ‌تر می‌باشند و نسبت به دسته‌ی نخست، آهسته‌تر اثر می‌گذارند.

نتیجه‌گیری نهایی: میانجی‌های عصبی کنش‌های گوناگونی دارند و جنبه‌های ناشناخته‌ی کارایی و اثرات متقابل آنها مورد پرسش می-باشد. از مهمترین نقش‌هایی که برای میانجی‌های عصبی در نظر گرفته می‌شود، اثر آن‌ها بر تنظیم اشتها و مصرف خوراک است. تنظیم مصرف خوراک فرآیند پیچیده‌ای است که در اثر برهم‌کنش‌ فرسته‌های (سیگنال‌های) مرکزی و محیطی کنترل می‌شود. با توجه به اهمیت تنظیم اشتها در فرآیندهای مختلفی از جمله رشد، ایمنی و تولید، شناخت نقش میانجی‌های مختلف بر مصرف خوراک و همچنین عوامل مؤثر بر تعدیل آن‌ها اهمیت فراوانی دارد.

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